Sulfonated Aromatic Polymers for Fuel Cell Membranes

Maier, Gerhard; Meier‐Haack, Jochen

doi:10.1007/12_2008_135

Cited by 83 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…Sulfonation agents for polymers should be carefully chosen according to the structure of the host polymer, due to degradation and solubility problems [24,27]. For example, Smitha et al reported that poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) and polysulfone (PSf) were sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid, whereas acetyl sulfate was appropriate for the sulfonation of polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) [29].…”

Section: Polymer Sulfonationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrophilicity in polymers can generally be achieved by introducing acid functionalities such as sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, and phosphoric acid in polymer backbones. Among the acid candidates, sulfonic acid groups are by far most commonly employed [24][25][26][27][28][29]. In addition, due to their low pKa values (i.e., high acidity), sulfonic acid groups are most widely used in PEMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Fig. 3, sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs can be classified as sulfonated polystyrene copolymers (SPSs), sulfonated polyimides (SPIs), sulfonated poly(phenylene)s, sulfonated poly(arylene)-type polymers, or sulfonated poly(phosphazene)s (SPPhs) according to their backbone structures [5,24,25,27,28,[43][44][45][46][47]. The major advantage of these hydrocarbon PEMs is that it is possible to design tailored polymer structures with desired properties using various monomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Sulfonated hydrocarbon membranes for medium-temperature and low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

Park

Lee

Guiver

2011

Progress in Polymer Science

618

229

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Section: Polymer Sulfonationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sulfonated hydrocarbon membranes for medium-temperature and low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

Park

Lee

Guiver

2011

Progress in Polymer Science

618

229

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“…[14][15][16] These properties make SPEEK suitable for the fabrication of proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel-cell applications, wherein the membrane serves as the electrolyte. [17][18][19] The chemical structure and the 1 H NMR nomenclature of SPEEK repeat units are shown in Figure 1. [20] The operational temperature of a PEM-type fuel cell is severely restricted by the boiling point of water, since the proton conductivity in the membrane directly depends on its water content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) and Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromide Ionic Liquid for PEM Fuel Cell Applications

et al. 2014

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Ionic liquids (ILs), with their inherent ionic conductivity and negligible vapor pressure, can be exploited in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells for which thermal management is a major problem and the cell operation temperature is limited by the boiling point of water. In this work, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes were modified by the incorporation of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P 4 4 4 4 ]Br) by solvent-casting. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the electrical properties of the modified membranes. Simultaneous TGA and FTIR studies were used to evaluate the thermal

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“…113,114 Poly(arylene ether)-based membranes are also interesting systems because of their higher chemical, thermal and mechanical stability. 115 Among this group of polymers, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) is the most widely studied system. Despite the advantages of these polymers, their long-term stability lags behind that of perfluorinated polymers and limits their practical implementation.…”

Section: 109mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass transport aspects of electrochemical solar-hydrogen generation

Modestino

Hashemi

Haussener

2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

100

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The conception of practical solar-hydrogen generators requires the implementation of engineering design principles that allow photo-electrochemical material systems to operate efficiently, continuously and stably over their lifetime. At the heart of these engineering aspects lie the mass transport of reactants, intermediates and products throughout the device. This review comprehensively covers these aspects and ties together all of the processes required for the efficient production of pure streams of solar-hydrogen. In order to do so, the article describes the fundamental physical processes that occur at different locations of a generalized device topology and presents the state-of-the-art advances in materials and engineering approaches to mitigate masstransport challenges. Processes that take place in the light absorber and electrocatalyst components are only briefly described, while the main focus is given to mass transport processes in the boundary-layer and bulk liquid or solid electrolytes. Lastly, a perspective on how engineering approaches can enable more efficient solar-fuel generators is presented. Broader contextSolar-hydrogen generators have the potential to trigger the incorporation of a much larger share of solar energy sources in our current energy landscape. These technologies can directly capture and store energy from the sun in the form of hydrogen molecules. As hydrogen can be transported, and stored for long periods of time, solar-hydrogen devices allow for the spacio-temporal decoupling of the energy generation and consumption processes, and in this way provide a larger flexibility to the electrical grid. While significant focus has been given to the development of photoelectrochemical materials for solar water-splitting, equally important are engineering aspects related to the materials' integration into devices that can operate stably, and produce pure hydrogen streams continuously over long lifetimes. This review provides a broad view on these engineering challenges and approaches to conceive practical solar-hydrogen generators.

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Sulfonated Aromatic Polymers for Fuel Cell Membranes

Cited by 83 publications

References 157 publications

Sulfonated hydrocarbon membranes for medium-temperature and low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

Sulfonated hydrocarbon membranes for medium-temperature and low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) and Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromide Ionic Liquid for PEM Fuel Cell Applications

Mass transport aspects of electrochemical solar-hydrogen generation

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