Sulfonation and Sulfation

Dado, Gregory P.; Bernhardt, Randal

doi:10.1002/0471238961.1921120611140107.a01.pub3

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…A careful analysis of the literature [24,25,26,27,28,29] shows how obtaining the sulfation product could be a challenging target, due to the concurrent formation of the sulfonation product. In particular, Cerfontain and Koeberg-Telder [28] reported a detailed study of the sulfonation of 4-methylphenol in H 2 SO 4 ranging in concentration from 81.6–112.2% and noted that the 2- to 3-sulfonic acid ratio increases strongly upon increasing the H 2 SO 4 concentration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unambiguous Characterization of p-Cresyl Sulfate, a Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin, as Biomarker of Heart and Kidney Disease

et al. 2019

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p-Cresyl sulfate is one of the bound uremic toxins whose level increases in the sera of patients with the severity of chronic kidney disease and is therefore used as a standard for clinical investigations. Our first attempts to obtain p-cresyl sulfate led exclusively to the product of sulfonation of the aromatic ring instead of sulfation on the OH moiety. Nevertheless, this initial discouraging result allowed us to handle both p-cresyl sulfate and 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid obtained by different synthetic pathways. Interestingly, the comparison between the two isomers pointed out that the two molecules show the same fragmentation pattern and are indistinguishable by mass spectrometry. They cannot be separated on several commercially available columns. The only difference between the two compounds is a 10-fold higher ionization yield under negative ion electrospray ionization. NMR spectral studies definitely confirmed the different molecular structures. We present here an unambiguous biomimetic synthetic route for p-cresyl sulfate and the spectroscopic characterization of both the compounds by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unambiguous Characterization of p-Cresyl Sulfate, a Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin, as Biomarker of Heart and Kidney Disease

et al. 2019

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“…Alternatively, a similar method where the initial presence of amino alcohol groups in the polymer chain enables the reaction between the hydroxyl and sulphur trioxide, is referred to as sulphamation [ 209 , 210 ]. The incorporation of sulphate and sulphonate anions produces highly resilient PILs through the presence of irreversibly cross-linked ion pairs [ 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 ]. Similar stability can be achieved by the incorporation of hydroxide, carbonate, phosphate, and phosphonate anions [ 121 , 179 ].…”

Section: Polymeric Ionic Liquids (Pils)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Ionic Liquid Gas Separation Membranes

et al. 2021

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Ionic liquids have attracted the attention of the industry and research community as versatile solvents with unique properties, such as ionic conductivity, low volatility, high solubility of gases and vapors, thermal stability, and the possibility to combine anions and cations to yield an almost endless list of different structures. These features open perspectives for numerous applications, such as the reaction medium for chemical synthesis, electrolytes for batteries, solvent for gas sorption processes, and also membranes for gas separation. In the search for better-performing membrane materials and membranes for gas and vapor separation, ionic liquids have been investigated extensively in the last decade and a half. This review gives a complete overview of the main developments in the field of ionic liquid membranes since their first introduction. It covers all different materials, membrane types, their preparation, pure and mixed gas transport properties, and examples of potential gas separation applications. Special systems will also be discussed, including facilitated transport membranes and mixed matrix membranes. The main strengths and weaknesses of the different membrane types will be discussed, subdividing them into supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs), poly(ionic liquids) or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), polymer/ionic liquid blends (physically or chemically cross-linked ‘ion-gels’), and PIL/IL blends. Since membrane processes are advancing as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional separation processes, having shown promising results for complex new separation challenges like carbon capture as well, they may be the key to developing a more sustainable future society. In this light, this review presents the state-of-the-art of ionic liquid membranes, to analyze their potential in the gas separation processes of the future.

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