Sulfonic acid-functionalized aerogels as high resistant to deactivation catalysts for the etherification of glycerol with isobutene

Green acid catalyst obtained from industrial wastes for glycerol etherification

“…The obtained products can be potentially used as a fuel additive or even as solvent [14]. Some studies reported in the literature indicate that high acidity and proper pore structure of the catalysts favor the reaction [15][16][17][18].…”

Conversion of biomass platform molecules into fuel additives and liquid hydrocarbon fuels

“…Also microwave-assisted sulfonated silica aerogel gave good selectivity to DE plus TE (75 %) at near complete conversion of glycerol. 208 Polyglycerols, specially dyglycerol (DG) and triglycerol (TG) which are produced from the consecutive etherification of two or three glycerol molecules (Scheme 37) are the most important products of the self-glycerol etherification and have found potential applications as fuel additives, a wells as other important applications such as in cosmetics, polymers, food additives, surfactants, etc. The control of the polymerization of glycerol for producing short-chain polyglycerols mainly depends on the properties of the catalysts properties and it is a real challenge.…”

Alternative fuel additives from glycerol by etherification with isobutene: Structure–performance relationships in solid catalysts

“…Gonzalez et al [43] introduced sulfonated silica aerogel and lyogel as two novel glycerol etherification catalysts. Gels were synthesized with sol-gel method based on hydrolysis and condensation of tetrametoxysilane (TMOS), dried by lyophilization or supercritical methods to produce lyogel (LG, with 10 nm pore size) and aerogel (AG, with 65 nm pore size), respectively, and finally sulfonated post-synthetically under conventional or microwave heating in 2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane (CSPTMS) solution.…”

“…ZSM-5) and large pore zeolites with 12 ring structure (e.g. Mordenite, zeolite Beta, zeolite Y) [43,112].…”

“…Although high glycerol conversion, high desired ether selectivity and low DIB selectivity were obtained with homogenous catalysts, difficulties in catalyst-product separation, corrosion and environmental issues reduced the interest on the commercialization of glycerol ether production. Subsequently, as well as improving the catalytic environment of ion exchange resins [27,29,31,34], different heterogeneous catalysts covering pure or modified wide pore zeolites [25,27,31,34,35,38,40,41,44], functionalized mesostructured materials [28,32,36,46] and other heterogeneous acid catalysts, such as montmorillonite K-10, amorphous microporous mixed oxide [24], sulfonated peanut shell [33], solid heteropolyacids [24,31,39], spherical silica supported Hyflon [37], sulfonated graphene [47], sulfonic acid functionalized aerogels [43], triflic acid supported on gamma alumina [46,48] were elaborated by comparing their performance with acidic ion exchange resins and attempting to understand effects of catalyst structures, such as porosity, surface area, pore size, pore volume, acid capacity, acid strength on catalytic activity, expressed by glycerol conversion, ether selectivity and side product formation.…”