Sulfur-containing initiators and coinitiators of free radical polymerization

Pączkowski, Jerzy; Kucybała, Zdzisław; Ścigalski, Franciszek; Wrzyszczyński, Andrzej

doi:10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00176-x

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The kinetics of free‐radical polymerization were measured based on the measurements of the rate of the heat evolution during polymerization in a sample 2–3 mm thick 5, 6, 8, 16–18. The measurements were performed in a homemade microcalorimeter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Ru₂Bi₁₄Br₄](AlCl₄)₄by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids

Groh

Isaeva

Ruck

2012

Chemistry A European J

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Two polymorphs of the new cluster compound [Ru(2)Bi(14)Br(4)](AlCl(4))(4) have been synthesized from Bi(24)Ru(3)Br(20) in the Lewis acidic ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl/AlCl(3) ([BMIM](+) : 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) at 140 °C. A large fragment of the precursor's structure, namely the [(Bi(8))Ru(Bi(4)Br(4))Ru(Bi(5))](5+) cluster, dissolved as a whole and transformed into a closely related symmetrical [(Bi(5))Ru(Bi(4)Br(4))Ru(Bi(5))](4+) cluster through structural conversion of a coordinating Bi(8)(2+) to a Bi(5)(+) polycation, while the remainder was left intact. Both modifications have monoclinic unit cells that comprise two formula units (α form: P2(1)/n, a=982.8(2), b=1793.2(4), c=1472.0(3) pm, β=109.05(3)°; β form: P2(1)/n, a=1163.8(2), b=1442.7(3), c=1500.7(3), β=97.73(3)°). The [Ru(2)Bi(14)Br(4)](4+) cluster can be regarded as a binuclear inorganic complex of two ruthenium(I) cations that are coordinated by terminal Bi(5)(+) square pyramids and a central Bi(4)Br(4) ring. The presence of a covalent Ru-Ru bond was established by molecular quantum chemical calculations utilizing real-space bonding indicator ELI-D. Structural similarity of the new and parent cluster suggests a structural reorganization or an exchange of the bismuth polycations as mechanisms of cluster formation. In this top-down approach a complex-structured unit formed at high temperature was made available for low-temperature use.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Ru₂Bi₁₄Br₄](AlCl₄)₄by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids

Groh

Isaeva

Ruck

2012

Chemistry A European J

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“…Sulfur was reported to be much preferable for preparing photoinitiatiors. 19 And sulfur atom in photoinitiators may lead to obvious red shift in the UV-vis spectra. 20 Moreover, there may undergo photolysis reaction at CAS bond as that in type I aside from Habstraction reaction, 21 which could greatly enhance the photoinitiating efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and photoinitiating activity study of polymeric photoinitiators bearing BP moiety based on hyperbranched poly(ester‐amine) via thiol‐ene click reaction

Xie

Shi

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A series of polymeric photoinitiators (BPHPEAs) bearing BP moiety based on hyperbranched poly(ester-amine) were synthesized via the thiol-ene click reaction of 3-(4-benzoylphenoxy)propyl 2-mercaptoacetate (BPPM) with acrylated HPEA. BPPM was obtained by the esterification of (4-(3-hydroxypropoxy) phenyl) phenyl methanone (HPPM) with mercaptoacetic acid in the presence of p-toluene sulphonic acid as a catalyst. HPEA was prepared through Michael addition of piperazine with tri(hydroxymethyl)propane triacrylate. Their molecular structures were confirmed by the 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and FTIR analysis. The UV-vis spectrum analysis results showed that BP-HPEAs exhibit the stronger n-p* absorption at $ 340 nm with over two times higher molar extinction coefficients than BP at the concentration of 1.00 Â 10 À3M. The photoinitiating activity study showed that the maximum photopolymerization rates of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate initiated by BP-HPEAs in the absence of coinitiator were obtained by two times higher than that by BP in the presence of triethylamine as a coinitiator. Moreover, the excellent miscibility of BP-HPEAs with the commercial bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate was achieved according to the T s /T g ratios of over 9.0 from DMTA.

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“…Although difficult, the preparation of poly(styrene‐ co ‐divinylbenzene) particles has been reported in the literature using a conventional UV light source utilizing both standard free radical and so‐called reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization mechanisms 8–11. For example, Limé and Irgum 8 used standard free radical polymerization with azobisisobutyronitrile as the photoinitiator to synthesize poly(styrene‐ co ‐divinylbenzene) particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible light initiated polymerization of styrenic monolithic stationary phases using 470 nm light emitting diode arrays

Walsh

Levkin

Jain

et al. 2010

J of Separation Science

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Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolithic stationary phases have been synthesised for the first time by photoinitiated polymerisation. An initiator composed of (+)-S-camphorquinone/ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate/N-methoxy-4-phenylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate was activated using a 470 nm light emitting diode array as the light source. Spatially controlled polymerisation of styrenic monoliths has been achieved within specific sections of a 100 µm i.d. polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated fused silica capillary using simple photo-masking. The sharpness of the edges was confirmed by optical microscopy, while scanning electron microscopy was used to verify a typical porous, globular morphology. Flow resistance data was used to assess the permeability of the monoliths and they were found to have good flow through properties with a flow resistance of 0.725 MPa cm −1 at 1 µl min −1 (water, 20°C). Conductivity profiling along the length of the capillary was used to assess their lateral homogeneity. Monoliths which were axially rotated during polymerisation were found to be homogeneous along the whole length of the capillary. The monolithic stationary phases were applied to the reversed phase gradient separation of a mixture of proteins. Column fabrication showed excellent reproducibility with the retention factor (k) having a RSD value of 2.6% for the batch and less than 1.73% on individual columns.

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Sulfur-containing initiators and coinitiators of free radical polymerization

Cited by 24 publications

References 49 publications

[Ru₂Bi₁₄Br₄](AlCl₄)₄by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids

[Ru₂Bi₁₄Br₄](AlCl₄)₄by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids

Synthesis and photoinitiating activity study of polymeric photoinitiators bearing BP moiety based on hyperbranched poly(ester‐amine) via thiol‐ene click reaction

Visible light initiated polymerization of styrenic monolithic stationary phases using 470 nm light emitting diode arrays

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Sulfur-containing initiators and coinitiators of free radical polymerization

Cited by 24 publications

References 49 publications

[Ru2Bi14Br4](AlCl4)4by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids

[Ru2Bi14Br4](AlCl4)4by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids

Synthesis and photoinitiating activity study of polymeric photoinitiators bearing BP moiety based on hyperbranched poly(ester‐amine) via thiol‐ene click reaction

Visible light initiated polymerization of styrenic monolithic stationary phases using 470 nm light emitting diode arrays

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[Ru₂Bi₁₄Br₄](AlCl₄)₄by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids

[Ru₂Bi₁₄Br₄](AlCl₄)₄by Mobilization and Reorganization of Complex Clusters in Ionic Liquids