Sulfur Corrosion Mechanism in Power Transformers and Its Detection Techniques: A Review

Khiar, Mohd Shahril Ahmad; Ghani, Sulaiman Ab; Bakar, Norazhar Abu; Chairul, Imran Sutan; Talib, Mohd Aizam

doi:10.1109/tdei.2022.3216847

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Detailed statistical metrics, including sum of squares (SS), degrees of freedom (df), mean squares (MS), F-value, p-value, and coefficient of determination (R 2 ), for the regression model terms are presented in Table 4 based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to Khiar et al [22] and Facciotti et al [23], a p-value equal to or less than 0.05 signifies the statistical significance of the model or its respective terms. Notably, the overall regression model demonstrates significance, with a p-value of 0.0070.…”

Section: Anova Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the effects of corrosion parameters on the surface resistivity of transformer’s insulating paper using a two-level factorial design

Azlan,

Ghani,

Khiar

et al. 2024

IJAPE

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The integrity of the insulation in oil-filled power transformers, shunt reactors, and high voltage bushings can be affected when copper dissolves in the insulating oil and then deposits onto the paper insulation. The presence of dissolved copper in the oil increases dielectric losses, while copper deposition significantly improves the conductivity of the paper insulation. Various factors, including temperature, oxygen, sulfur groups, passivators, and ageing time, have been found to contribute to the acceleration of corrosion activity in transformer insulating oils. Unfortunately, there is a lack of extensive research focused on systematically analysing and measuring the impact of corrosion-related factors on the dissolution of copper in transformer insulating oils and the deposition of copper onto solid insulation surfaces (Kraft paper). Therefore, this study aims to thoroughly examine the effects of corrosion factors on copper and sulfur deposition on Kraft paper insulation when it is submerged in transformer mineral oil (TMO). Using a two-level (2k) factorial design, we investigated three crucial factors: i) oil temperature, ii) elemental sulfur concentration, and iii) ageing time. It is worth mentioning that the results obtained from the two-level factorial design indicate that the surface resistivity is primarily affected by the temperature of the oil. This factor alone explains a significant 38.68% of the observed variation. In order to improve predictability, a regression model was created to estimate the surface resistivity of TMO-impregnated paper insulation. This model takes into account factors such as oil temperature, elemental sulfur concentration, and ageing time.

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Section: Anova Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A response model was developed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimal combination of parameters to minimize the surface resistivity of the paper insulation impregnated with TMO-S8 mixture was determined by quantifying the impacts of each element [10], [17], [22], [23]. The obtained results underwent validation through ANOVA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the effects of corrosion parameters on the surface resistivity of transformer’s insulating paper using a two-level factorial design

Azlan,

Ghani,

Khiar

et al. 2024

IJAPE

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“…During sulfur corrosion, the corrosion deposition on papers can cause decreased thermal capacity and thermal conductivity, even local overheating [23,27]. In addition, the macro-molecular cellulose is easily decomposed and shows chain scission at high temperatures [13,18]. Here, the polymerisation degree of papers is the amount (n) of glucose monomers (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) in the cellulose, reflected in the cracking degree of the insulating paper cellulose [21,44].…”

Section: Sulfur Corrosion Experiments Under Different Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the generated gas from the passivation reaction tends to result in the erroneous detection of the DBDS content by the characterisations of gas in the oil (GC-MS) [8,11]. Recently, non-destructive testing (NDT) and other detection technologies were introduced to characterise the sulfur corrosion degree: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [12], X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy [13], the terahertz (THz) time-domain spectrum (TDS) [14], Raman spectroscopy [15] etc. Nevertheless, how to achieve a feasible real-time monitoring technique of sulfur corrosion progression in insulating oils still needs wide recognition [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhao et al [17] reported that a natural ester insulating oil is a good alternative to non-renewable mineral insulating oil. From the outer environmental impact factors, temperatures [13,18], oxygen [19], electric field [20], and related synergistic effects [21,22] were the research hotspots. From the inner oilpaper insulating system, scholars have recently focused on the following points: thiophene (C 4 H 4 S) degradation in various oil brands [23,24], gas production of passivators in oils [25,26], the moisture in the oil-paper system [27,28], and the cellulose structure of oil-impregnated paper [29] etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the grain boundary character distribution on the sulfur corrosion behaviour and mechanisms of copper windings under different high temperatures

Dai,

Yuan,

Zhou

et al. 2024

High Voltage

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As a typical failure phenomenon in transformers, sulfur corrosion has garnered significant attention in the field of high‐voltage engineering. Grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) copper windings have been introduced to enhance sulfur corrosion resistance by slowing down intergranular corrosion. In this study, the sulfur corrosion behaviour and mechanisms of the GBCD copper windings under various temperatures were experimentally and theoretically studied. Results show that GBCD can enhance the corrosion resistance of copper in liquid environments. With the increase in temperatures, the insulating properties of oil and papers in traditional copper windings experience notable degradation, while GBCD copper windings show more stable insulating behaviours. In addition, modelling of grain boundary energy indicates that the grain boundary structure of GBCD copper windings has a lower average interface energy of 0.170 eV/Å2. Calculations of reaction thermodynamics show that GBCD copper windings possess a higher failure temperature (135.2°C) and inhibition degree (activation energy) of the sulfur corrosion (32,557.62 J/mol), revealing the stability and enhanced sulfur corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures.

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Influences of flame remelting and WC-Co addition on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of NiCrBSi coatings manufactured via HVOF process

Shuecamlue,

Taman,

Khamnantha

et al. 2024

Surfaces and Interfaces

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Sulfur Corrosion Mechanism in Power Transformers and Its Detection Techniques: A Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 60 publications

Investigating the effects of corrosion parameters on the surface resistivity of transformer’s insulating paper using a two-level factorial design

Investigating the effects of corrosion parameters on the surface resistivity of transformer’s insulating paper using a two-level factorial design

Effect of the grain boundary character distribution on the sulfur corrosion behaviour and mechanisms of copper windings under different high temperatures

Influences of flame remelting and WC-Co addition on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of NiCrBSi coatings manufactured via HVOF process

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