Sulfur-Doped Carbons from Durian Peels, Their Surface Characteristics, and Electrochemical Behaviors

Abstract

Durian peels are an agricultural waste in Asian countries, including Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, which can be used as a precursor for the production of activated carbon. The objective of this work is to produce activated carbon from durian peels by chemical activation using sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) as an activating and sulfur-doping agent. The process parameter investigated in this study was the activation temperature (500–900 °C) at a fixed impregnation ratio (durian to activating agent of 1:1, by weight). Specific surface areas and pore structures were determined by nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements, and elemental compositions were characterized by CHNSO analysis. The chemical structure and surface functionality were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the obtained activated carbon was characterized in 6 M KOH using a three-electrode configuration. It was found that the sulfur content decreases with activation temperature. In contrast, the specific surface area of the activated carbon increases with activation temperature. However, the sample activated at 900 °C with the highest specific surface area (1499 m2 g–1) has a lower specific capacitance (166 F g–1) than the one activated at 700 °C (183 F g–1). This could be due to the presence of a pseudocapacitance caused by the organic sulfur functional groups such as thiophene, sulfone, and sulfoxide, which can trigger a surface redox reaction, leading to a higher capacitance.

Rational bottom-up synthesis of sulphur-rich porous carbons for single-atomic platinum catalyst supports

“…[22][23][24] In particular, N-doped carbon materials have been intensively studied as supports for transition metal-based SACs. On the other hand, S doping is known to be more effective than N doping for single-atomic noble metal species like Pt, due to the strong bonding between Pt and S. 25 Various methods have been reported to prepare S-doped carbon materials, such as direct conversion of small organic compounds or natural products [26][27][28] and post-processing of carbon materials via chemical reactions. 29,30 There are simultaneous requirements for supports for SACs: high heteroatom content, controlled chemical structure, and developed pores.…”

Beyaz Şapkalı Mantardan (Agaricus Bisporus) Üretilen Aktif Karbon Kullanılarak Sulu Çözeltilerinden Adsorpsiyon ile Metilen Violet Giderimi

“…Bu işlemler hidrotermal yöntemle ya da direkt inert gaz atmosferinde yüksek sıcaklıklarda piroliz işlemi ile yapılmaktadır (Hu et al, 2021;Liang, 2021;Meenatchi et al, 2021;Thongpat et al, 2021). Literatürde yapılan kimyasal aktivasyon çalışmalarında sıklıkla NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2, H3PO4, K2CO3 ve Na2SO3 gibi kimyasallar kullanılmaktadır (Oginni et al, 2019;Heidarinejad, 2020;Alfatah et al, 2021;Desa et al, 2021;Jawad et al, 2021;Liadi et al, 2021). Farklı üretim prosesleri kullanılarak elde edilen AC'lerin gözenek yapıları, çapları ve yapıdaki fonksiyonel grupları da birbirinden oldukça farklıdır.…”