Sulfur, fresh cassava root and urea independently enhanced gas production, ruminal characteristics and in vitro degradability

Abstract

Background Total fresh cassava root (FCR) production was 275 million tonnes in 2018 which equals 61.1 % of the total production, and Thailand produced 10.7 % FCR of the total production. FCR is one of the main energy source for ruminant. The limitation of FCR utilization is due to the presence of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The study aimed to evaluate the effect of sulfur, urea and FCR at various levels on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation and in vitro degradability. The study hypothesized that: (1) sulfur, urea and FCR have no interaction effect and (2) effect of FCR and urea is related to sulfur addition. Results The study aimed to elucidate the optimum level of elemental sulfur, fresh cassava root (FCR) and urea and their effect on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation, thiocyanate concentration, and in vitro degradability. A 3 × 2 × 4 in a completely randomized design were conducted. Factor A was level of sulfur at 0 %, 1 and 2 % of concentrate dry matter (DM), factor B was level of urea at 2 and 4 % of concentrate DM, and factor C was level of the FCR at 0, 200, 300 and 400 mg DM of the total substrate. The study found that elemental sulfur, urea and FCR had no interaction effect on the kinetics of in vitro gas, ruminal fermentation, HCN and in vitro degradability. Elemental sulfur supplementation (P < 0.05) significantly increased the in vitro gas produced from an insoluble fraction (b), in vitro DM degradability and either neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF) degradability and propionate (C3) concentration while decreased the ruminal HCN concentration. Urea levels showed a (P < 0.05) significant increase of the potential extent of in vitro gas production, ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA). Fresh cassava root supplementation (P < 0.05) significantly increased the in vitro gas produced from an immediate soluble fraction (a), in vitro gas produced from insoluble fraction, in vitro gas production rate constant, total VFA, C3 concentration and HCN while decreased ruminal pH, acetate and butyrate concentration. It could be concluded that 2 % elemental sulfur, 4 % urea and 300 mg FCR showed a greater effect on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation and HCN reduction. Conclusions The study found that elemental sulfur, urea, and FCR had no interaction effect on the kinetics of in vitro gas, total in vitro gas, ruminal fermentation, and HCN concentration. It could be concluded that 2 % elemental sulfur, 4 % urea, and 300 mg FCR showed a greater effect on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation, and HCN reduction.

Rhodaneses Enzyme Addition Could Reduce Cyanide Concentration and Enhance Fiber Digestibility via In Vitro Fermentation Study

“…Furthermore, Prachumchai et al [6] demonstrated that the number of cyanide-using rumen bacteria was depressed by up to 90% when increasing the dose of HCN supplementation. In agreement with previous work by Sumadong et al [8], who reported that the gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) and gas production at 96 h after incubation significantly declined by 12.3% and 15.0%, respectively, when increasing fresh cassava root as a HCN source from 300 mg to 400 mg. Therefore, the present result indicated that the maximum dose of KCN which did not adversely affect the kinetics of gas was not more than 450 ppm.…”

“…It does, however, contain a high concentration of HCN (90-114 mg/kg), which, if consumed, may cause toxicity to the animal [6]. Rumen bacteria may swiftly detoxify a low level of HCN in ruminants via rhodanese and beta mercapto Fermentation 2021, 7, 207 2 of 10 pyruvate sulfur transferase [7,8]. Providing the available sulfur sources might supply microorganisms with a synthesis rhodanese enzyme to degrade HCN.…”

Rumen Fermentation and Microbiome Responses to Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Cottonseed Protein Supplementation in Continuous In Vitro Culture

“…The energy efficiency improved with the increased production of propionate and decreased production of acetate [ 60 ]. Because most carbohydrate fermentation by rumen bacteria results in a higher propionate concentration, an increase in propionate concentration often causes a drop in the ratio of acetate to butyrate in the rumen [ 61 ]. In this study, supplementation of XP yeast culture with 10 g/kg of substrate decreased the molar acetate proportion and increased the molar butyrate and valerate proportion at 48 h and decreased the ratio of acetate to proportion, suggesting that supplementation of XP yeast culture changed the fermentation pattern in vitro.…”

The effect of excessive elemental sulfur addition on feed intake, digestibility, rumen characteristics, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in Thai native beef cattle fed a diet containing high fresh cassava root

“…When compared to FCR‐1.5, FCR‐2 significantly increased total VFA and propionate concentration. This could be explained by the increase in fermentable carbohydrate amount from FCR‐2 for ruminal microbe fermentation into VFAs, mainly propionate (Seankamsorn et al, 2021; Sommai et al, 2021; Sumadong et al, 2021). This result was consistent with the in vitro study, that propionate concentration was increased as FCR supplementation increased (Sumadong et al, 2021).…”

“…This could be explained by the increase in fermentable carbohydrate amount from FCR‐2 for ruminal microbe fermentation into VFAs, mainly propionate (Seankamsorn et al, 2021; Sommai et al, 2021; Sumadong et al, 2021). This result was consistent with the in vitro study, that propionate concentration was increased as FCR supplementation increased (Sumadong et al, 2021). Similarly, Cherdthong et al (2018) revealed that supplementation of FCR at 15 g/kg BW in diets of Thai native beef cattle increased propionate concentration by 16% compared with 10 g/kg BW of FCR supplementation.…”