Sulfur hexafluoride (SF&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling

Fang, Xuekun; Thompson, Rona L.; Saito, Takuya; Yokouchi, Yoko; Kim, J.; Li, S.; Kr, Kim; Park, S.; Graziosi, Francesco; Stohl, Andreas

doi:10.5194/acp-14-4779-2014

Cited by 28 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Atmospheric transport modelling of road microplastics. The gridded TWP emissions were adopted to the Lagrangian particle transport model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle Dispersion Model) version 10.4 [67][68][69][70] . The model was set to run in forward mode for year 2014 with a spin-up period of 1 month (December 2013).…”

Section: Twp Emission Calculations Based On a Co2 Ratio Method Top-dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Transport, a Major Pathway of Microplastics to Remote Regions

Evangeliou¹,

Grythe²,

Klimont³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In recent years, marine, freshwater and terrestrial pollution with microplastics has been discussed extensively, whereas atmospheric microplastic transport has been largely overlooked. Here, we present the first global simulation of atmospheric transport of microplastic particles produced by road traffic (TWPs – tire wear particles and BWPs – brake wear particles), a major source that can be quantified relatively well. We find a high transport efficiency of these particles to remote regions, such as the Arctic Ocean (14%). About 34% of the emitted coarse TWPs and 30% of the emitted coarse BWPs (100 kt yr-1 and 40 kt yr-1 respectively) were deposited in the World Ocean. These amounts are of similar magnitude as the total estimated terrestrial and riverine transport of TWPs and fibres to the ocean (64 kt yr-1). Atmospheric transport of microplastics is thus an underestimated threat to global terrestrial and marine ecosystems and affects air quality on a global scale, especially considering that other large but highly uncertain emissions of microplastics to the atmosphere exist. High latitudes and the Arctic are highlighted as an important receptor of mid-latitude emissions of road microplastics, which may imply a future climatic risk, considering their affinity to absorb solar radiation and accelerate melting.

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Section: Twp Emission Calculations Based On a Co2 Ratio Method Top-dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Transport, a Major Pathway of Microplastics to Remote Regions

Evangeliou¹,

Grythe²,

Klimont³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Simulated benzene and toluene mixing ratios at the measurement site were obtained by integrating the gridded emission sensitivities (m 2 s g −1 ) multiplied by the gridded emissions (g m −2 s −1 ). The Bayesian inversion method used in this study is almost the same as described and evaluated by Stohl et al (2009Stohl et al ( , 2010, and as used in recent studies of SF 6 emissions (Fang et al, 2014) and HFC-23 emissions (Fang et al, 2015) in East Asia. Briefly, in this study a Bayesian inversion technique is employed, based on leastsquares optimization, to estimate both the spatial distribution and strength of the emissions in the domain over which the 3372 X. Fang et al: Top-down estimates of benzene and toluene emissions in the Pearl River Delta measurements are sensitive.…”

Section: Inverse Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top-down estimates of benzene and toluene emissions in Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, China

Fang¹,

Shao²,

Stohl³

et al. 2015

Preprint

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Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) and toluene (C 7 H 8 ) are toxic to humans and the environment. They are also important precursors of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols and contribute substantially to severe air pollution in urban areas in China. Discrepancies exist between different bottom-up inventories for benzene and toluene emissions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Hong Kong (HK), which are emission hot spots in China. This study provides top-down estimates of benzene and toluene emissions in the PRD and HK using atmospheric measurement data from a rural site in the area, Heshan, an atmospheric transport model, and an inverse modeling method. The model simulations captured the measured mixing ratios during most pollution episodes.

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“…BC, OC and BrC from midlatitude sources can thus reach remote areas such as the Arctic. They absorb solar radiation in the atmosphere (Feng et al, 2013;Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004), have a significant impact on cloud formation, decrease surface albedo when deposited on ice and snow and can accelerate melting processes (Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004;Wu et al, 2016). This raises particular concerns about the effect of fires burning in the immediate vicinity of the Greenland ice sheet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open fires in Greenland in summer 2017: transport, deposition and radiative effects of BC, OC and BrC emissions

et al. 2019

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Highly unusual open fires burned in western Greenland between 31 July and 21 August 2017, after a period of warm, dry and sunny weather. The fires burned on peatlands that became vulnerable to fires by permafrost thawing. We used several satellite data sets to estimate that the total area burned was about 2345 ha. Based on assumptions of typical burn depths and emission factors for peat fires, we estimate that the fires consumed a fuel amount of about 117 kt C and emitted about 23.5 t of black carbon (BC) and 731 t of organic carbon (OC), including 141 t of brown carbon (BrC). We used a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to simulate the atmospheric transport and deposition of these species. We find that the smoke plumes were often pushed towards the Greenland ice sheet by westerly winds, and thus a large fraction of the emissions (30 %) was deposited on snow-or ice-covered surfaces. The calculated deposition was small compared to the deposition from global sources, but not entirely negligible. Analysis of aerosol optical depth data from three sites in western Greenland in August 2017 showed strong influence of forest fire plumes from Canada, but little impact of the Greenland fires. Nevertheless, CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) lidar data showed that our model captured the presence and structure of the plume from the Greenland fires. The albedo changes and instantaneous surface radiative forcing in Greenland due to the fire emissions were estimated with the SNICAR model and the uvspec model from the libRadtran radiative transfer software package. We estimate that the maximum albedo change due to the BC and BrC deposition was about 0.007, too small to be measured. The average instantaneous surface radiative forcing over Greenland at noon on 31 August was 0.03-0.04 W m −2 , with locally occurring maxima of 0.63-0.77 W m −2 (depending on the studied scenario). The average value is up to an order of magnitude smaller than the radiative forcing from other sources. Overall, the fires burning in Greenland in the summer of 2017 had little impact on the Greenland ice sheet, causing a small extra radiative forcing. This was due to thein a global context -still rather small size of the fires. However, the very large fraction of the emissions deposited on the Greenland ice sheet from these fires could contribute to accelerated melting of the Greenland ice sheet if these fires become several orders of magnitude larger under future climate.

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Sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>) emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling

Cited by 28 publications

References 18 publications

Atmospheric Transport, a Major Pathway of Microplastics to Remote Regions

Atmospheric Transport, a Major Pathway of Microplastics to Remote Regions

Top-down estimates of benzene and toluene emissions in Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, China

Open fires in Greenland in summer 2017: transport, deposition and radiative effects of BC, OC and BrC emissions

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