Sulfuric acid speleogenesis (SAS) close to the water table: Examples from southern France, Austria, and Sicily

Waele, Jo Hilaire Agnes De; Audra, Philippe; Madonia, Giuliana; Vattano, Marco; Plan, Lukas; D’Angeli, Ilenia Maria; Bigot, J.-Y.; Nobécourt, Jean Claude

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.10.019

Cited by 69 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Regarding epigenic caves, the vertical pattern of cave levels may be related not only to successive base level lowering, but also to base level rises or alternations of both. The Per Ascensum Model of Speleogenesis (PAMS) explains many deep phreatic systems discharging through vauclusian springs, not only around the Mediterranean affected by the Messinian Salinity Crisis, but also in any place where base level rise left its imprint, especially in coastal areas which have undergone 2016), Kraushöhle and Bad Deutsch Altenburg Caves in Austria (Plan et al 2012;De Waele et al 2016). In case of major base level lowering, successive horizontal cave levels develop: Frasassi Cave, Italy (Galdenzi & Menichetti 1995;Galdenzi & Maruoka 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CO 2 can dissolve in water again and increase its aggressiveness even more. Also the local oxidation of sulphides, such as pyrite, often present in carbonate sequences, can generate sulphuric acid, boosting rock dissolution (Tisato et al 2012;De Waele et al 2016).…”

Section: Hypogenic Speleogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41). The most demonstrative water table sulfuric cave are Cueva de Villa Luz (Hose and Pisarowicz 1999;Hose et al 2000), Mexico; Chat Cave, France (De Waele et al 2016); Kane Caves, Wyoming, USA (Egemeier 1981;Engel et al 2004), Acqua Fitusa, Italy (De Waele et al Upwardly dendritic caves CO 2 and H 2 S degassing enhance aggressivity. By condensation-corrosion, cupolas develop upward as a dendritic pattern of stacked spheres .…”

Section: Water Table Sulfuric Cavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40) (Audra et al 2002). Taking into account moderate thermal gradient and pCO 2 , mod- (Audra et al 2009b, c;De Waele et al 2016).…”

Section: Isolated Chambersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Audra

Palmer

2015

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UDC 551.435.84 Philippe Audra & Arthur N. Palmer: Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns Speleogenesis is the development of well-organized cave systems by fluids moving through fissures of a soluble rock. Epigenic caves induced by biogenic CO 2 soil production are dominant, whereas hypogenic caves resulting from uprising deep flow not directly connected to adjacent recharge areas appear to be more frequent than previously considered. The conceptual models of epigenic cave development moved from early models, through the "four-states model" involving fracture influence to explain deep loops, to the digital models demonstrating the adjustment of the main flow to the water table. The relationships with base level are complex and cave levels must be determined from the elevation of the vadose-phreatic transitions. Since flooding in the epiphreatic zone may be important, the top of the loops in the epiphreatic zone can be found significantly high above the base level. The term Paragenesis is used to describe the upward development of conduits as their lower parts fill with sediments. This process often records a general baselevel rise. Sediment influx is responsible for the regulation of long profiles by paragenesis and contributes to the evolution of profiles from looping to water table caves. Dating methods allow identification of the timing of cave level evolution. The term Ghost-rock karstification is used to describe a 2-phase process of speleogenesis, with a first phase of partial solution of rock along fractures in low gradient conditions leaving a porous matrix, the ghost-rock, then a second phase of mechanical removing of the ghost-rock mainly by turbulent flow in high gradient conditions opening the passages and forming maze caves. The first weathering phase can be related either to epigenic infiltration or to hypogenic upflow, especially in marginal areas of sedimentary basins. The vertical pattern of epigenic caves is mainly controlled by timing, geological structure, types of flow and base-level changes. We define several Izvleček UDK 551.435.84 Philippe Audra & Arthur N. Palmer: Nova področja speleogenetskih raziskav: Povezava med hidrogeološkimi razmerami, prevladujočimi procesi in tipi jam Speleogeneza je razvoj dobro (samo)organiziranih jamskih sistemov, ko podzemna voda vzdolž toka raztaplja stene razpok. Najbolj poznane so epigene jame v karbonatih, kjer je poglavitni vir kemične agresivnosti pedogeni CO 2 . Bolj pogoste, kot se je v preteklosti domnevalo, so hipogene jame, ki nastanejo z dviganjem globokega toka in niso neposredno povezane z lokalnim napajalnim območjem. Prvotni konceptualni modeli razvoja epigenih jam so se preko modela štirih stanj, ki speleogenezo pojasnjuje s frekvenco prevodnih razpok, razvili do računalniških modelov, ki pojasnijo prilagoditev glavnega toka freatični površini. Povezava jamskih sistemov s položajem erozijske baze ni enostavna, saj moramo pri interpretaciji upoštevati višino preh...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypogenic Speleogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Table Sulfuric Cavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40) (Audra et al 2002). Taking into account moderate thermal gradient and pCO 2 , mod- (Audra et al 2009b, c;De Waele et al 2016).…”

Section: Isolated Chambersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Audra

Palmer

2015

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“…They deal with the reconstruction of the geomorphology of small areas (e.g., Mauz et al 1997;Di Maggio et al 1999) or specific thematic studies (e.g., Ferrarese et al 2003;Di Maggio et al 2012, 2014Madonia et al 2013;Vattano et al 2013;De Waele et al 2016). Hugonie (1982) carried out studies on a regional scale and proposed a morphoevolutionary model for northern Sicily, emphasizing the role of both structure and climate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomorphological evolution of western Sicily, Italy

Maggio¹,

Madonia²,

Vattano³

et al. 2017

Geologica Carpathica

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This paper proposes a morphoevolutionary model for western Sicily. Sicily is a chain-foredeep-foreland system still being built, with tectonic activity involving uplift which tends to create new relief. To reconstruct the morphoevolutionary model, geological, and geomorphological studies were done on the basis of field survey and aerial photographic interpretation. The collected data show large areas characterized by specific geological, geomorphological, and topographical settings with rocks, landforms, and landscapes progressively older from south to north Sicily. The achieved results display: (1) gradual emersion of new areas due to uplift, its interaction with the Quaternary glacio-eustatic oscillations of the sea level, and the following production of a flight of stair-steps of uplifted marine terraces in southern Sicily, which migrates progressively upward and inwards; in response to the uplift (2) triggering of down-cutting processes that gradually dismantle the oldest terraces; (3) competition between uplift and down-cutting processes, which is responsible for the genesis of river valleys and isolated rounded hills in central Sicily; (4) continuous deepening over time that results in the exhumation of older and more resistant rocks in northern Sicily, where the higher heights of Sicily are realized and the older forms are retained; (5) extensional tectonic event in the northern end of Sicily, that produces the collapse of large blocks drowned in the Tyrrhenian Sea and sealed by coastal-marine deposits during the Calabrian stage; (6) trigger of uplift again in the previously subsiding blocks and its interaction with coastal processes and sea level fluctuations, which produce successions of marine terraces during the Middle-Upper Pleistocene stages.

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Speleogenesis

2022

Karst Hydrogeology, Geomorphology and Caves

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Sulfuric acid speleogenesis (SAS) close to the water table: Examples from southern France, Austria, and Sicily

Cited by 69 publications

References 41 publications

Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Research frontiers in speleogenesis. Dominant processes, hydrogeological conditions and resulting cave patterns

Geomorphological evolution of western Sicily, Italy

Speleogenesis

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