Sulphate attack resistance of high-performance concrete under compressive loading

Xu, Hui; Zhao, Yongjun; Cui, Lei; Xu, Bi

doi:10.1631/jzus.a1300067

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It was also agreed by Xu et al [46] that higher amounts of sulphate ions, gypsum, and ettringite are influenced by more hydration products which provide growth in weight of the specimen containing 30% fly ash in 5% Na 2 SO 4 [1]. Under combined sulphate and chloride, there is significant mass loss from 28 days up to 90 days, and CT concrete is more affected, and this is mainly attributed by formation of more ettringite and gypsum.…”

Section: Weight Losssupporting

confidence: 60%

Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Pumice and Scoria as Supplementary Cementitious Material

Chambua

Jande

Machunda

2021

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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Concrete structures suffer serious deterioration under a corrosive environment. Consequently, the service life of these concrete structures is decreased and deteriorates under combined attack of sulphate and chlorides. Most studies confined on single deteriorating factor such as sulphate attack only or chloride attack only but the current study focused on the influence of natural pumice (NP) and natural scoria (NS) on the strength performance of concrete exposed to the combined attack of sulphate and chloride. Portland cement (PLC) was replaced with NP or NS at a substitution level of 10%. Concrete samples were cured in water for the curing period of 28 days. Afterwards, the specimens were immersed in 5% sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), 5% sodium chloride (NaCl), and combined sodium sulphate and chloride solutions for additional curing of 28, 56, and 90 days. The results were compared between concrete mixes with NP or NS and control mix (CT) with PLC. The effects of sulphate, chloride, and combined sulphate and chloride were evaluated in terms of change in weight, variation in compressive strength, and degree of damage. Conclusively, the application of NP and NS has extraordinary potential to be utilized as a cementitious material in concrete to increase the resistance against aggressive salts.

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Section: Weight Losssupporting

confidence: 60%

Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Pumice and Scoria as Supplementary Cementitious Material

Chambua

Jande

Machunda

2021

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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“…Specimens traditionally used for the assessment of the ESA consist of slender prisms with low volume to surface ratios to maximize sulfate ingress and facilitate measurement of expansions. However, the generation of confinement in samples with such geometric characteristics submerged in aggressive solutions requires complex devices with limited accuracy and replicability [1][2][3]9]. In this work, mortars specimens of 78 mm of diameter and 17 mm of height were used.…”

Section: Experimental Program 21 Materials and Mixture Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, these elements are subjected to a wide variety of external loads and to different degrees of confinement due to interactions with other elements of the structure and the soil. Most studies dealing with the coupled action of external loads and ESA apply a constant flexural or compressive load since sulfate exposure [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In general, flexural loading applied together with the sulfate exposure resulted in negative effects on the durability against the attack, especially when the loading exceeded 40-60 % of the maximum flexural load [7,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…According to the authors [7], the tensile stresses might accelerate the sulfate attack due to micro-cracks that promote sulfate penetration. Fewer studies are available in the literature dealing with the combined action of sulfate attack and compressive loading [1][2][3]9]. This is probably caused by the higher complexity of the experimental set up.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, compressive stresses seems to accelerate the sulfate attack when the stress is set above a certain threshold value, estimated between the 30-60 % of the ultimate compressive strength. This acceleration is attributed to the generation of micro-cracks that promotes sulfate penetration [1][2][3]9]. In all studies presented above, the load was applied from exposure and remained constant until the end of the test.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of biaxial confinement in mortars exposed to external sulfate attack

Ikumi

Segura

Cavalaro

2019

Cement and Concrete Composites

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Research on external sulfate attack (ESA) is usually performed on small scale specimens under free expanding conditions. However, most field structures cannot expand freely due to confinement induced by the ground or other elements from the structure. As a result, ESA usually develops in confined conditions. This work aims to assess the interaction of gradual biaxial compression stresses generated by confinement with the ESA. Visual appearance, mass and ultrasonic velocity were monitored to characterize the macro-scale behavior of free and restrained mortar samples. Changes on phase composition and crystal morphology induced by confinement were evaluated by X-Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The confining stresses generated were estimated during the attack. Results indicate that ESA is not developed equally in free and confined specimens. The confinement limits sulfate availability, reduce the amount of ettringite precipitated and might induce changes on crystal morphology that reduce the degradation caused by the ESA. Keywords: Concrete (E); Durability (C); Sulfate attack (C); Ettringite (D); Confinement; 1. INTRODUCTION External sulfate attack (ESA) is a degradation process that affects concrete structures. It is caused by the interaction between the reactive phases of the cement paste and sulfate ions from an external source. The continuous sulfate exposure may lead to cracking, spalling, softening and disintegration. Fortunately, in typical service conditions the attack usually develops during decades before causing high degrees of damage. Previous research on the interaction between constant compressive loads and ESA [1-3,9] suggests that the effects of confinement will probably depend on the stress level. Therefore, for a precise assessment of this phenomenon, it is necessary to link the different behavior of confined and free specimens with the stress level applied. The monitoring of the confining stresses generated during the attack requires complex experimental set ups. Only one study was found in the literature able to capture this phenomenon [10]. Mullauer et. al [10] applied different degrees of confinement to thin-walled mortar cylinders exposed to sulfates by a specially constructed stress cell. Even though the main objective was to estimate the stresses generated during the attack, it indirectly pointed some possible positive effects of confinement on the durability. Evolution of the phase composition with and without confinement showed that both ettringite and gypsum were partially suppressed at late stages of the attack by increasing the degree of confinement. Unfortunately, other potential effects of stresses generated by confinement remain practically unexplored and are ignored during the assessment of the ESA. The present work aims to shed light on this phenomenon and identify which processes (ionic transport, phase composition or crystal morphology) might be altered by the confining stresses. One of the key aspects to study this phenomenon is the experimental set up adopted t...

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Experimental study on flexural behavior of T‐shaped reinforced concrete laminated beams with defects

Feng,

Ye,

et al. 2023

Structural Concrete

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To study the influence of the defects on the flexural behavior of laminated T‐beams, full‐scale beam tests of three reinforced concrete laminated T‐beams with incomplete bonding and one non‐defective reinforced concrete laminated T‐beam were conducted under monotonic loading. The results showed that the failure modes and crack patterns of the defective beams were similar to those of beams without defects. However, horizontal cracks appeared in these defects. Although the peak loads of the four specimens were relatively close, the difference in the maximum deflection was distinct. The deflection span ratio of each specimen exceeded 1/17, and the displacement ductility ratio exceeded 15. The results indicate that internal defects have only a slight influence on the flexural capacity of laminated beams but significantly influence their ductility.

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Sulphate attack resistance of high-performance concrete under compressive loading

Cited by 23 publications

References 32 publications

Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Pumice and Scoria as Supplementary Cementitious Material

Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Pumice and Scoria as Supplementary Cementitious Material

Effects of biaxial confinement in mortars exposed to external sulfate attack

Experimental study on flexural behavior of T‐shaped reinforced concrete laminated beams with defects

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