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The notion of expression equivalence is one of the terms that has been recognized in the literature as key to understanding algebraic ideas. To understand this term, the context used as a basis for developing meaning is important, as well as the language in which generalizations are expressed. The aim of this paper is twofold: a) to examine whether the context of a textual task and modeling activities influence the understanding of the transformation of expressions into equivalent forms; b) determine whether the understanding of the equivalence of the expression is affected by the level of abstractness of the expression (algebraic or arithmetic). The research is of a quasi-experimental design with two experimental groups and one control group. The sample consists of 148 fourth-graders. The existence of statistically significant differences between the students of the experimental groups and the control group suggests that the modeling process influences the development of the notion of expression equivalence. This research did not show any differences in the results of the students who were taught using algebraic or arithmetic expressions. This implies that the understanding of equivalence developed through the modeling process is not related to the level of abstractness of the mathematical language used, but that, based on understanding the meaning of the term, students can transform arithmetic and algebraic expressions with equal success.
The notion of expression equivalence is one of the terms that has been recognized in the literature as key to understanding algebraic ideas. To understand this term, the context used as a basis for developing meaning is important, as well as the language in which generalizations are expressed. The aim of this paper is twofold: a) to examine whether the context of a textual task and modeling activities influence the understanding of the transformation of expressions into equivalent forms; b) determine whether the understanding of the equivalence of the expression is affected by the level of abstractness of the expression (algebraic or arithmetic). The research is of a quasi-experimental design with two experimental groups and one control group. The sample consists of 148 fourth-graders. The existence of statistically significant differences between the students of the experimental groups and the control group suggests that the modeling process influences the development of the notion of expression equivalence. This research did not show any differences in the results of the students who were taught using algebraic or arithmetic expressions. This implies that the understanding of equivalence developed through the modeling process is not related to the level of abstractness of the mathematical language used, but that, based on understanding the meaning of the term, students can transform arithmetic and algebraic expressions with equal success.
The practical significance of computational estimation is noticeable in everyday life, but the place and role of estimation within mathematical abilities is also important. The paper presents the theoretical and methodological foundations of the concept of computational estimation, the development of estimation skills, and it gives a systematic overview of computational estimation strategies. Computational estimation, due to its nature, has not been much examined and a small number of papers that have tested the effectiveness of the teaching instruction have been observed. However, the results so far suggest that it is possible to develop the estimation ability in both children and adults, and that this contributes to mathematical flexibility, better achievement and attitudes towards mathematics. The place of estimation in the curricula was examined and methodical recommendations for teaching were given. Computational estimation should be integrated into as many mathematics teaching content as possible, and new research suggests that estimation skills should be developed from preschool age.
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