“…DOI: 10.1088/0256-307X/41/1/014204 Quadratic [𝜒 (2) ] nonlinear effects are widely leveraged in a variety of fields, including physics, [1,2] chemistry, [3] materials science, [4,5] optics, [6][7][8] communications, [9] and so on. The 𝜒 (2) nonlinear effect refers to the fact that in the field of optics, when the light intensity is sufficiently large, the electric field of light has a 𝜒 (2) effect on the polarizability of the medium, resulting in optical frequency conversion processes such as second harmonic generation, [10][11][12] sum frequency generation, [13,14] difference frequency generation, [15][16][17] and optical parametric amplification. [18][19][20] This effect is widely used in the frequency conversion processes in optical fields, [21][22][23] such as laser frequency doubling, electro-optical modulation, optical storage, and optical switching.…”