Summary and Conclusions

Grime, J. P.; Hodgson, J. G.; Hunt, R.

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1094-7_7

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…7, less than 50% of the mass of the bleach activator forms the peroxy acid in each case. 62 Various efforts have been made to increase the stability of peroxycarboxylic acids through the formation of 'inclusion complexes', for example, with urea. A further benet of preformed peroxy acids is the avoidance of some of the wasteful reactions associated with bleach activator methods, such as loss of hydrogen peroxide through reaction with the enzyme catalase or metal ions, and hydrolysis of the activator; all of which reduce the efficiency of peroxy acid generation and bleach efficiency.…”

Section: The History Of Bleach Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…62 Mg-MPP contains 5.5% active oxygen and is safe to handle. 62 However, poor stability in alkaline detergent formulations, and potential runaway exothermic reactions, resulted in handling problems and high cost, leading to limited commercialisation, despite considerable research to overcome these issues. 1,12-Diperoxydodecanoic acid (DPDDA, Fig.…”

Section: The History Of Bleach Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has a limited bleaching ability due to a high hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (dened in Section 7.1), and dye damage potential limited its use in laundry products. 39,62 The incorporation of a polar functional group such as an amido or imido linkage into an alkyl peroxycarboxylic acid was found to increase the thermal stability of the peroxy acid. 8) was found to be effective as a bleaching agent on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic stains due to its hydrotropic nature.…”

Section: The History Of Bleach Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 Activators are modied by altering these parts. 62 These included: The leaving group inuences the solubility, perhydrolysis rate, and storage stability of the activator.…”

Section: Design Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bleaching systems in domestic laundry detergents: a review

2015

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Laundry detergent is an indispensable commodity which is used by consumers worldwide. The global market for laundry detergents is in the region of $60.9 billion (2012, based on retail value), of which $11.7 billion comes from Western Europe. Non-chlorine bleach was incorporated in a detergent for the first time just over a century ago and it remains an important component of detergents, particularly powder detergents. Detergent development is mainly carried out in industrial laboratories and, as a result, relatively few papers have been published in this area. The aim of this review is to compile this information, along with that contained in the patent literature and other sources, to give future researchers a more comprehensive overview of this important topic. Specifically, oxygen-based bleaching systems have been examined, with focus on their development through the years. Current research targets as described by the available literature are also discussed, such as the development of better bleaching species, alternative bleach systems, and steps to incorporate a bleaching system in liquid laundry detergents (a key development which continues to elude researchers).

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Section: The History Of Bleach Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The History Of Bleach Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The History Of Bleach Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 Activators are modied by altering these parts. 62 These included: The leaving group inuences the solubility, perhydrolysis rate, and storage stability of the activator.…”

Section: Design Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bleaching systems in domestic laundry detergents: a review

2015

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“…To our knowledge, there have been no reports of the effects of acyl groups on perhydrolysis of esters, although perhydrolysis of esters or amides has been recognized as a useful tool for generation of peroxyacids in chemical bleaching processes. 4,5) Since the molecular sizes of HOO Ϫ and HO Ϫ are quite similar, steric effects in perhydrolysis and hydrolysis must be in the same order of magnitude. Accordingly, it seemed doubtful whether judicious choice of acyl groups in AR could shift the competition between perhydrolysis and hydrolysis in a manner favorable towards H 2 O 2 -based deacetylation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Acyl Groups and Reaction Conditions in the Competition between Perhydrolysis and Hydrolysis of Acyl Resorufins for Developing an Indicator Reaction for Fluorometric Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide.

et al. 2002

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Recently, we found that acetyl resorufin (AR) is transformed to fluorescent resorufin through deacetylation by H 2 O 2 (perhydrolysis), and hence perhydrolysis of AR can be used as a fluorometric indicator reaction for glucose determination using only glucose oxidase (GOD). 1) In the fluorometric method with GOD and AR, glucose analysis is performed without interference by ascorbic acid, uric acid or bilirubin. These compounds interfere with colorimetric determination of serum components with indicator reactions based on H 2 O 2 -dependent oxidative coupling of two chromogens in the presence of peroxidase (POD), which are represented by so called Trinder's reactions of 4-aminoantipyrine with phenolic or anilinic derivatives. 2) Thus, it was demonstrated that the fluorometric method with GOD and AR offers a more reliable and accurate tool for determination of blood glucose than the POD-dependent colorimetric method with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol. 3) However, there is a problem to be resolved in utilizing perhydrolysis of AR as a general fluorometric indicator reaction for determination of H 2 O 2 : although AR remains intact in CH 3 CN at room temperature for more than 6 months, 3) AR undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis when its CH 3 CN solution is mixed with pH 7.4 phosphate buffer (blank solution), which prevents the fluorometric method from being employed for the measurement of glucose over a concentration range of more than two orders of magnitude.The key to success in improving the measurement range in the fluorometric method seems to be molecular design conferring the ability to resist hydrolysis of AR. The susceptibility of esters to hydrolysis can be controlled by changing steric factors of acyl groups. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of the effects of acyl groups on perhydrolysis of esters, although perhydrolysis of esters or amides has been recognized as a useful tool for generation of peroxyacids in chemical bleaching processes. 4,5) Since the molecular sizes of HOO Ϫ and HO Ϫ are quite similar, steric effects in perhydrolysis and hydrolysis must be in the same order of magnitude. Accordingly, it seemed doubtful whether judicious choice of acyl groups in AR could shift the competition between perhydrolysis and hydrolysis in a manner favorable towards H 2 O 2 -based deacetylation. However, perhydrolysis of aryl acetates is known to be much faster than their hydrolysis, i.e., the nucleophilic reactivity of HOO Ϫ toward aryl esters is markedly higher than that of HO Ϫ , 6-9) which is referred to as the a-effect: nucleophilicity is enhanced when the atom adjacent to a nucleophilic site bears a lone pair of electrons. [10][11][12] AR is a type of aryl acetate, and hence the a-effect is likely to be operative in the H 2 O 2 -dependent deacetylation of AR, which allows the fluorometric determination of glucose with the generation of resorufin as an indicator reaction even though AR undergoes hydrolysis. Taking the a-effect into consideration, it was expected that establishing reaction conditions ...

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Resource quantity, not resource heterogeneity, maintains plant diversity

2002

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Resource heterogeneity has often been proposed to explain the maintenance of plant species diversity and patterns of species diversity along productivity gradients. Resource heterogeneity should maintain biodiversity by preventing competitive exclusion because different species are superior competitors in different parts of a heterogeneous environment. In natural systems, however, resource heterogeneity covaries with average resource supply rate, making the effect of heterogeneity difficult to isolate. Using a novel experimental approach, we tested the independent effects of resource heterogeneity and average supply rate on plant species diversity. We show that the average supply rate of the most limiting resource controlled species diversity, whereas heterogeneity of this resource had virtually no effect. These findings also suggest that biodiversity declines with increasing productivity because at high enough levels of productivity one resource may always be driven to sufficiently short supply to exclude many species.

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Summary and Conclusions

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Bleaching systems in domestic laundry detergents: a review

Bleaching systems in domestic laundry detergents: a review

Assessment of Acyl Groups and Reaction Conditions in the Competition between Perhydrolysis and Hydrolysis of Acyl Resorufins for Developing an Indicator Reaction for Fluorometric Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide.

Resource quantity, not resource heterogeneity, maintains plant diversity

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