Summation of successively established orientation-contingent color aftereffects

White, Keith D.

doi:10.3758/bf03198745

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Given the long-lasting nature of the ME (e.g., Jones & Holding, 1975), the finding that additional training on a second day did not significantly strengthen the aftereffect is somewhat surprising. This finding, however, is similar to others in the ME literature (White, 1977).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Contingency and the McCollough effect

Siegel

Allan

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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According to a Pavlovian conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (the McCollough effect), orientation stimuli become associated with simultaneously presented chromatic stimuli. This account suggests that decreasing the contingency between the putative conditional stimulus (grid orientation) and the unconditional stimulus (color)should decrease the strength of the aftereffect. In the present experiment, the effect of presentations of achromatic grids and/or homogeneous chromatic stimuli between presentations of chromatic grids was evaluated. Although interpolated achromatic grid presentations did decrease the magnitude of the McCollough effect, interpolated chromatic stimuli had no effect on the magnitude of the phenomenon. The results are discussed in terms of current research concerning the selective associability of certain categories of conditional and unconditional stimuli, and differences in the development of associations between simultaneously (compared with successively) presented conditional and unconditional stimuli.Orientation-contingent color aftereffects, originally reported by McCollough (1965), are readily demonstrated. During a training period of several minutes, an observer inspects two patterns that alternate every few seconds. For example, one pattern could consist of black horizontal bars on a green background and the other pattern could consist of black vertical bars on a magenta background. Following such training, complementary color aftereffects contingent on bar orientation are noted. In the above example, the achromatic background of horizontal bars would appear pinkish and the achromatic background of vertical bars would appear greenish.A number of investigators (e.g., Allan & Siegel, 1986; Bonnet, 1975; Bonnett, LeGall, & Lorenceau, 1984;Murch, 1976; Schmidt, Pinette, & Finke, 1978;Siegel & Allan, 1985; Skowbo, Timney, Gentry, & Morant, 1975;Westbrook & Harrison, 1984) have suggested that the McCollough effect (ME) is a phenomenon of classical conditioning. According to Murch (1976), The lined grid in inspection functions as a conditioned stimulus (CS) while color functions as the unconditioned stimulus (DCS). As a resultof the pairingof the CS (lined grid) with the DCS (color) a conditioned response (CR) develops so that the adaptive response of the visualsystem to the color is evoked by the lined grid. (p. 615)There is considerable controversy as to the associative status of the ME (Allan & Siegel, 1986;Skowbo, 1984Skowbo, , 1986. One finding that has been seen as contrary to an associative analysis of the phenomenon is the failure to demonstrate that it is decremented by reducing the con- tingency between the putative CS and UCS. Skowbo and Forster (1983) reported that the addition of homogeneous chromatic stimuli (presumably equivalent to UCSalone presentations) to the sequence of usual grid-pluscolor McCollough patterns did not have a significant influence on the size of the ME. Inasmuch as interpolated UCS-alone presentations often decrement the s...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Contingency and the McCollough effect

Siegel

Allan

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…While ME strength measured by this method is not directly comparable with more conventional methods such as those of Riggs et al (I974) or MacKay and MacKay (I975), relative comparisons may be made. Shute found that decay curves obtained with the Riggs method by Skowbo et al (1974Skowbo et al ( , 1975 and White (1977) followed a similar power function to those obtained by the match interference method while those obtained by the MacKay method could not be so described.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Very infrequent testing slows decay, as Skowbo et al (1974) found with 8 h intervals and it seems likely that very frequent or continuous testing accelerates decay. Shute (1979), using data from White (1977) and his own observations, estimated that the ME would be completely extinguished between 12 h and 29 h. In practical terms this is a very considerable overestimation since the retardation match is imperceptibly different from white light when it falls to between 23% and 19%, long before the extrapolated function reaches zero.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The McCollough effect as a measure of central cholinergic activity in man

Byth

Logue

Bell³

et al. 1992

Psychopharmacology

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The McCollough Effect (ME) is an orientation contingent colour after-effect which has been proposed as an indicator of central neurotransmitter activity. Shute (1979) suggested that the ME could reflect a hippocampal "forgetting" mechanism which should be inhibited by GABAergic neurones and stimulated by cholinergic neurones. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that the ME is in fact sensitive to cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs and to compare its sensitivity to more conventional tests of psychomotor and cognitive function. Ten healthy subjects received single doses of physostigmine (0.75 mg SC), hyoscine (1.2 mg), temazepam (20 mg), flecainide (200 mg) or placebo in a double-blind double-dummy presentation. Subjects were tested on a battery of psychomotor and cognitive function tests at baseline and 1 h, and adapted to the ME at 1.5 h. Visual analogue rating scales and conventional tests of psychomotor function and saccadic eye movements indicated that both subjective and objective measures of arousal were impaired by temazepam. The subjective, but not the objective, measures of arousal were also impaired by both hyoscine and physostigmine, but not by flecainide. Initial strength and duration of the ME were decreased by physostigmine and increased by hyoscine and temazepam, relative to placebo (P less than 0.01). Thus, the ME is capable of detecting cholinergic, anticholinergic and GABA mimetic drug effects in man, in therapeutic doses.

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“…The second component of decay begins from the time of first testing, rather than from the end of adaptation, and may subsequently be measured by repeated testing at regular intervals. This second component was described by Riggs, White & Eimas (1974), Mackay & Mackay (1974), Jones & Holding (1975), White (1977) and Shute (1979). Jones & Holding suggested that this second component of decay is initiated by the first test.…”

Section: Extraversion and The Mccollough Effectmentioning

confidence: 90%

Extraversion and the McCollough Effect

Logue

Byth

1993

British J of Psychology

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Two experiments are reported which show that extraverts experience significantly stronger McCollough Effects than introverts. In both experiments the strength of the McCollough Effect (ME) was measured by the match-interference method devised by Shute (1979). The technique was found to be predictably sensitive to the eye tested and to exposure of the non-adapted eye. In the first experiment monocular ME strength was measured at 12-min intervals over two hours in four conditions and found to conform to a power function. Sixteen extraverts showed significantly (p < .00005) stronger initial ME strength than 21 introverts and in both groups the effect ceased to be apparent within about two hours. Log-log plots of decrement from initial strength indicated no significant extraversion differences in decay rates, with a function gradient of about 1/2. In a second experiment six extraverts and nine introverts from the original group were retested with binocular presentation with a similar outcome. These findings support Shute's hypothesis that introverts would show weaker MEs than introverts but do not support his hypothesis that introverts' MEs would decay more quickly. They offer some indirect support for Shute's proposal that the ME may be an indicator of central cholinergic activity in man.

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Summation of successively established orientation-contingent color aftereffects

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Contingency and the McCollough effect

Contingency and the McCollough effect

The McCollough effect as a measure of central cholinergic activity in man

Extraversion and the McCollough Effect

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