Sunburn Risk Among Children and Outdoor Workers in South Africa and Reunion Island Coastal Sites

Wright, Caradee Y.; Brogniez, Colette; Ncongwane, Katlego P.; Sivakumar, Venkataraman; Coetzee, Gert J. R.; Metzger, Jean‐Marc; Auriol, Frédérique; Deroo, Christine; Sauvage, Béatrice

doi:10.1111/php.12123

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Interestingly, exposure of car guards as a percentage of ambient solar UVR at 24% was higher than the 20% hypothesized in an earlier study (26) albeit lower than the 84% (15) and 46% (25) reported before. Construction workers in Spain were found to receive a median of 13.9% of the total daily ambient solar UVR (13), and outdoor workers in a New Zealand study received 20.5% of the total daily available ambient solar UVR (12).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Sun Protection Behaviors and Knowledge Among a High‐Risk and Overlooked Group of Outdoor Workers in South Africa

Nkogatse

Ramotsehoa

Eloff

et al. 2018

Photochem & Photobiology

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The exposure of outdoor car guards to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the majority with deeply pigmented skin, to solar UVR was measured for five consecutive days during early spring (September 2017) in South Africa using electronic UVR dosimeters attached to the upper arm of each participant. The exposure of the nape of the neck, forehead, nose, cheek and hand was extrapolated from the measurements. The onsite ambient solar UVR on a flat, horizontal, unshaded surface was measured concurrently. The sun-related knowledge, behavior and attitudes of the car guards were evaluated using questionnaires. Total personal daily solar UVR exposure as a percentage of the ambient solar UVR exposure was 24%. The exposure of car guards on several body sites was in excess of the occupational threshold limit value. Sleeved shirts and hats were the most commonly used sun protection measures (worn by 70% and 80%, respectively). Considering the high levels of solar UVR reported on most days throughout the year in South Africa, more studies quantifying the personal exposure of outdoor workers in both the informal and formal sectors are necessary.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Sun Protection Behaviors and Knowledge Among a High‐Risk and Overlooked Group of Outdoor Workers in South Africa

Nkogatse

Ramotsehoa

Eloff

et al. 2018

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…[13][14][15][16] This belief arose because outdoor workers are exposed to UV every day, unlike indoor workers, so that their skin acclimates by thickening the stratum corneum and by producing the pigment melanin (tan). However, contrary to this popular belief, outdoor workers can get numerous sunburns and can also experience blistering events [28][29][30][31] reviewed by Glanz. 32 For example, the study by Buller et al 30 found 45% of the ski area employees got sunburned and 8% received blistering sunburns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 UVB exposures of skin creates cutaneous vitamin D 3 production 26 that sunscreens dramatically reduce. 27 Furthermore, contrary to popular belief, outdoor workers get numerous sunburns [28][29][30][31] reviewed by Glanz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests 2 major risk factors

Merrill

Ashrafi

Subramanian

et al. 2015

Dermato-Endocrinology

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(2015) Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests 2 major risk factors, Dermato-Endocrinology, 7:1, e1004018, DOI: 10.1080DOI: 10. /19381980.2014 For several decades the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) steadily increased in fair-skinned, indoor-working people around the world. Scientists think poor tanning ability resulting in sunburns initiate CMM, but they do not understand why the incidence continues to increase despite the increased use of sunscreens and formulations offering more protection. This paradox, along with lower incidences of CMM in outdoor workers, although they have significantly higher annual UV doses than indoor workers have, perplexes scientists. We found a temporal exponential increase in the CMM incidence indicating second-order reaction kinetics revealing the existence of 2 major risk factors. From epidemiology studies, we know one major risk factor for getting CMM is poor tanning ability and we now propose the other major risk factor may be the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) because clinicians find b HPVs in over half the biopsies. Moreover, we uncovered yet another paradox; the increasing CMM incidences significantly correlate with decreasing personal annual UV dose, a proxy for low vitamin D 3 levels. We also discovered the incidence of CMM significantly increased with decreasing personal annual UV dose from 1960, when it was almost insignificant, to 2000. UV and other DNA-damaging agents can activate viruses, and UV-induced cytokines can hide HPV from immune surveillance, which may explain why CMM also occurs in anatomical locations where the sun does not shine. Thus, we propose the 2 major risk factors for getting CMM are intermittent UV exposures that result in low cutaneous levels of vitamin D 3 and possibly viral infection.

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“…Sunburn risks among children and outdoor workers were evaluated on Reunion Island and in South Africa. High values of cumulative daily ambient solar UV radiation were found for the three sites studied (Wright et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Ultraviolet radiation modelling from ground-based and satellite measurements on Reunion Island, southern tropics

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Surface ultraviolet radiation (SUR) is not an increasing concern after the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and the recovery of the ozone layer (Morgenstern et al., 2008). However, large uncertainties remain in the prediction of future changes of SUR (Bais et al., 2015). Several studies pointed out that UV-B impacts the biosphere (Erickson et al., 2015), especially the aquatic system, which plays a central part in the biogeochemical cycle (Hader et al., 2007). It can affect phytoplankton productivity (Smith and Cullen, 1995). This influence can result in either positive or negative feedback on climate (Zepp et al., 2007).Global circulation model simulations predict an acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson circulation over the next century (Butchart, 2014), which would lead to a decrease in ozone levels in the tropics and an enhancement at higher latitudes (Hegglin and Shepherd, 2009). Reunion Island is located in the tropics (21 • S, 55 • E), in a part of the world where the amount of ozone in the ozone column is naturally low. In addition, this island is mountainous and the marine atmosphere is often clean with low aerosol concentrations. Thus, measurements show much higher SUR than at other sites at the same latitude or at midlatitudes. Ground-based measurements of SUR have been taken on Reunion Island by a Bentham DTMc300 spectroradiometer since 2009. This instrument is affiliated with the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). In order to quantify the future evolution of SUR in the tropics, it is necessary to validate a model against present observations. This study is designed to be a preliminary parametric and sensitivity study of SUR modelling in the tropics.We developed a local parameterisation using the Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible Model (TUV; Madronich, 1993) and compared the output of TUV to multiple years of Bentham spectral measurements. This comparison started in early 2009 and continued until 2016.Only clear-sky SUR was modelled, so we needed to sort out the clear-sky measurements. We used two methods to detect cloudy conditions: the first was based on an observer's hourly report on the sky cover, while the second was based on applying Long and Ackerman (2000)'s algorithm to broadband pyranometer data to obtain the cloud fraction and then discriminating clear-sky windows on SUR measurements.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Multiple model inputs were tested to evaluate the model sensitivity to different parameters such as total ozone column, aerosol optical properties, extraterrestrial spectrum or ozone cross section. For total column ozone, we used ground-based measurements from the SAOZ (Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénithale) spectrometer and satellite measurements from the OMI and SBUV instruments, while ozone profiles were derived from radiosoundings and the MLS ozone product. Aerosol optical properties came from a local aerosol climatology established using a Cimel photometer. Since the me...

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Sunburn Risk Among Children and Outdoor Workers in South Africa and Reunion Island Coastal Sites

Cited by 14 publications

References 35 publications

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Sun Protection Behaviors and Knowledge Among a High‐Risk and Overlooked Group of Outdoor Workers in South Africa

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Sun Protection Behaviors and Knowledge Among a High‐Risk and Overlooked Group of Outdoor Workers in South Africa

Exponentially increasing incidences of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe correlate with low personal annual UV doses and suggests 2 major risk factors

Ultraviolet radiation modelling from ground-based and satellite measurements on Reunion Island, southern tropics

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