Sunken WWII shipwrecks of the Pacific and East Asia: The need for regional collaboration to address the potential marine pollution threat

Monfils, Rean; Gilbert, T.D.; Nawadra, Sefanaia

doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.011

Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Relatively great levels of pollution have been identified in certain Asian waters (Connell et al 1998;Monfils et al 2006). For example, in Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region (SAR), China, decreasing water quality has been a concern over the past decades as a consequence of growing industrial activities and population increases in the nearby Pearl River Delta (Wong et al 1995;Yung et al 1999;HKEPD 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

Gracia

Jones

Higley

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

Gracia

Jones

Higley

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The work of Monfils et al (2006) addresses the issue in the context of chemicals and unexploded ordinances onboard sunken World War II warships and merchant vessels in the Pacific and East Asia regions. Strong emphasis is given on the possible consequences for the fragile environment of the Pacific atolls.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Shipwrecks in Greece are Going Fuzzy: A Study for the Potential of Oil Pollution from Shipwrecks in Greek Waters

Ventikos

Louzis

Koimtzoglou

2013

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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This article deals with the development and application of a risk analysis approach regarding the importance and fate of shipwrecks in Greece. In the past few decades the potential harmful effects of wrecks and the materials and substances they carry, remaining on the sea bottom, have been realized and the issue of dealing with them has arisen. The methodology used in this article consists of three steps. The first step is to develop a dedicated database of shipwrecks in Greek waters. The second step focuses on the quasi-quantitative assessment of risk for each shipwreck individually through the introduction of implemented factors that have been modeled into the structure of a hierarchical fuzzy system. The analysis is concluded by determining the sources of uncertainty for the system and implementing an appropriate analysis to determine their relative importance. Finally, geographic information system (GIS) tools are used for the visualization of data and the analysis of results in geographic terms as well as for revealing geographic patterns and relationships.

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“…In The Japanese Government has sovereignty or ownership of over 85% of the vessels sunk in the Pacific Ocean (Monfils et al 2003). However, the major stakeholder for the rest of the world's WWII shipwrecks is the British Government who has sovereignty for just over half the WWII shipwrecks in the AMIO database, amounting to over 10 million tons of British WWII shipping (Table 1).…”

Section: The Seven Seas and The Amio Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The jurisdictional WWII shipwreck issue has been discussed in detail in Monfils et al (2003) but in summary WWII wrecks are classified as 'state owned vessels' and as such have "sovereign immunity"-i.e. they are immune to many of the maritime conventions such as MARPOL.…”

Section: Wwii Wreck Ownership and Responsibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Risk of Marine Pollution From Wwii Shipwrecks: Examples From the Seven Seas

Monfils¹

2005

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings

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The world took notice and action when the oil tanker Prestige sank and leaked oil onto the coast of Spain and France. Significant resources and considerable money was allocated to locate the wreck, patch the leaks and eventually offload the remaining oil. What is not well known, is that there is a significantly larger global marine pollution threat from over 7800 sunken WWII vessels worldwide, including over 860 oil tankers, corroding for over 60 years at the bottom of the worlds oceans.Over the past three years, in conjunction with the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), a project has been completed by the author to compile data on WWII shipwrecks across the Asia/Pacific region. This regional risk assessment is probably the first and most complete of its type so far published.The Geographic Information System (GIS) database created for the Asia Pacific waters details ship type, tonnage and location of over 3,800 vessels lost in WWII. This amounts to over 13 million tons of sunken vessels in the Pacific alone ranging from aircraft carriers to battleships, and including over 330 tankers and oilers.The creation of the Asia Pacific database acted as a catalyst to the creation of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean (AMIO) WWII shipwreck database. This new geographic database, although still in its initial development, highlights the significant number of WWII shipwrecks globally. The AMIO database details the location and ownership of over 3950 vessels, over 1000 tons, of which 529 are oil tankers.Manuscript Control Number: 93 -1 -This paper details the information contained within the AMIO WWII shipwreck database including the potential oil and non-oil sources of marine pollution from these vessels. WWII shipwrecks are unique from commercial and non-military shipwrecks due to sovereignty, jurisdictional and ownership issues and these differences will also be discussed. The paper concludes with a summary for future directions to address the many response and preparedness issues associated with WWII shipwrecks.

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Sunken WWII shipwrecks of the Pacific and East Asia: The need for regional collaboration to address the potential marine pollution threat

Cited by 48 publications

References 1 publication

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

The Shipwrecks in Greece are Going Fuzzy: A Study for the Potential of Oil Pollution from Shipwrecks in Greek Waters

The Global Risk of Marine Pollution From Wwii Shipwrecks: Examples From the Seven Seas

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