Sunlight-Induced Inactivation of Human Wa and Porcine OSU Rotaviruses in the Presence of Exogenous Photosensitizers

Romero‐Maraccini, Ofelia C.; Sadik, Nora; Rosado-Lausell, Sahid L.; Pugh, Charles R.; Niu, Xi-Zhi; Croué, Jean Philippe; Nguyen, Thanh H.

doi:10.1021/es402285u

Cited by 29 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Upon penetration, rotavirus loses its outer capsid (VP7 and VP4), and the double-layered particle is transported to the cell cytoplasm. Transcription, translation, and replication of the viral genome, which includes the NSP3 gene, occur, and then mature virions are assembled and released by cell lysis (12)(13)(14)(15).Rotavirus is inactivated effectively by solar disinfection and by heat treatment (16,17). Inactivation of viruses by solar UV (280 to 400 nm) occurs through direct and indirect damage to virus components, whereby only the virus and light are involved (5); this mechanism of inactivation is referred to as endogenous in this text (16,18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Solar and Temperature Treatments Affect the Ability of Human Rotavirus Wa To Bind to Host Cells and Synthesize Viral RNA

Romero‐Maraccini

Shisler

Nguyen

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Rotavirus, the leading cause of diarrheal diseases in children under the age of five, is often resistant to conventional wastewater treatment and thus can remain infectious once released into the aquatic environment. Solar and heat treatments can inactivate rotavirus, but it is unknown how these treatments inactivate the virus on a molecular level. To answer this question, our approach was to correlate rotavirus inactivation with the inhibition of portions of the virus life cycle as a means to identify the mechanisms of solar or heat inactivation. Specifically, the integrity of the rotavirus NSP3 gene, virus-host cell interaction, and viral RNA synthesis were examined after heat (57°C) or solar treatment of rotavirus. Only the inhibition of viral RNA synthesis positively correlated with a loss of rotavirus infectivity; 57°C treatment of rotavirus resulted in a decrease of rotavirus RNA synthesis at the same rate as rotavirus infectivity. These data suggest that heat treatment neutralized rotaviruses primarily by targeting viral transcription functions. In contrast, when using solar disinfection, the decrease in RNA synthesis was responsible for approximately one-half of the decrease in infectivity, suggesting that other mechanisms, including posttranslational, contribute to inactivation. Nevertheless, both solar and heat inactivation of rotaviruses disrupted viral RNA synthesis as a mechanism for inactivation.O f all waterborne microbes that can cause pathogenic diseases, viruses remain the most challenging for study in aquatic environments (1-4). This is for several reasons. First, compared to bacterial pathogens, viruses are more resistant to disinfection by standard water disinfection treatments (2, 5, 6). Second, for those conditions that do indeed neutralize viruses, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for inactivation is unclear (7,8). Third, it is only recently that technologies such as quantitative PCR (qPCR) and deep genome sequencing have allowed for the detection of viral genomes in water samples (1, 4, 9, 10).Enteric viruses include rotavirus, adenovirus, coxsackievirus, and norovirus (4). Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea hospitalizations for children under 5 years of age and is responsible for the deaths of an estimated 453,000 children each year (11). Despite this impact on human health, little is known as to what conditions result in the best disinfection of rotavirus in wastewater and drinking water. In addition, it is unclear how a disinfectant functions on a molecular level to inactivate rotavirus.Rotavirus is a nonenveloped virus with a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome. Six structural proteins make up the capsid, including VP4 and VP7. For rotavirus to attach to its host cell, VP4 binds to the host cell receptors, and after a multistep process involving the VP4, VP7, and other cellular proteins, rotavirus enters the host cell through endocytosis. Upon penetration, rotavirus loses its outer capsid (VP7 and VP4), and the double-layered particle is transported to the cell cytopl...

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Solar and Temperature Treatments Affect the Ability of Human Rotavirus Wa To Bind to Host Cells and Synthesize Viral RNA

Romero‐Maraccini

Shisler

Nguyen

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In this study, we employed a concentration at 50 ppm with an exposure time of 30 s to 8 min. Oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, have been shown to inactivate viruses (44,56). For example, a 0.32-log 10 disinfection of human rotavirus strain Wa was observed with 0.6 mM hydrogen peroxide after 8 min of exposure at 25°C (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, have been shown to inactivate viruses (44,56). For example, a 0.32-log 10 disinfection of human rotavirus strain Wa was observed with 0.6 mM hydrogen peroxide after 8 min of exposure at 25°C (44). Furthermore, 0.2 mM hydrogen peroxide achieved a 2-log 10 inactivation on MS2 coliphage after a 30-min incubation (56).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Porcine rotavirus (PRV) strain OSU was used in this study because the structure of its outer protein is similar to that of human rotavirus strain Wa and because of its stability in the environment (44). PRV was propagated in the monkey MA104 cell line, which was purchased from ATCC, and maintained at 37°C in a 5% CO 2 incubator with minimal essential medium (MEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rotavirus solution was centrifuged at 1,000 ϫ g for 10 min at room temperature and filtered through a 0.45-m-pore-size filter to remove cell debris. After this step, MEM was removed from the virus stock by filtering the virus suspension through a 100-kDa ultrafiltration membrane as described previously (44). Rotavirus was resuspended in 1 mM NaCl plus 0.1 mM CaCl 2 and stored at 4°C for up to 4 weeks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Leaf Surface Chemical Properties on Efficacy of Sanitizer for Rotavirus Inactivation

Fuzawa

Palma-Salgado

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The use of sanitizers is essential for produce safety. However, little is known about how sanitizer efficacy varies with respect to the chemical surface properties of produce. To answer this question, the disinfection efficacies of an oxidant-based sanitizer and a new surfactant-based sanitizer for porcine rotavirus (PRV) strain OSU were examined. PRV was attached to the leaf surfaces of two kale cultivars with high epicuticular wax contents and one cultivar of endive with a low epicuticular wax content and then treated with each sanitizer. The efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer correlated with leaf wax content as evidenced by the 1-log 10 PRV disinfection on endive surfaces (low wax content) and 3-log 10 disinfection of the cultivars with higher wax contents. In contrast, the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies (up to 3 log 10 ) that were independent of leaf wax content. A statistical difference was observed with the disinfection efficacies of the oxidant-based sanitizer for suspended and attached PRV, while the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies. Significant reductions in the entry and replication of PRV were observed after treatment with either disinfectant. Moreover, the oxidant-basedsanitizer-treated PRV showed sialic acid-specific binding to the host cells, whereas the surfactant-based sanitizer increased the nonspecific binding of PRV to the host cells. These findings suggest that the surface properties of fresh produce may affect the efficacy of virus disinfection, implying that food sanitizers should be carefully selected for the different surface characteristics of fresh produce. IMPORTANCEFood sanitizer efficacies are affected by the surface properties of vegetables. This study evaluated the disinfection efficacies of two food sanitizers, an oxidant-based sanitizer and a surfactant-based sanitizer, on porcine rotavirus strain OSU adhering to the leaf epicuticular surfaces of high-and low-wax-content cultivars. The disinfection efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer was affected by the surface properties of the vegetables, while the surfactant-based sanitizer was effective for both high-and low-wax leafy vegetable cultivars. This study suggests that the surface properties of vegetables may be an important factor that interacts with disinfection with food sanitizers of rotaviruses adhering to fresh produce. There are 48 million estimated annual incidents of foodborne illness in the United States (1-3). Of these incidents, 128,000 cases require hospitalization and 3,000 result in death (1-3). The annual cost associated with foodborne illness, including human morbidity and mortality, is estimated to range between $14.1 and $152 billion (4-6). Viruses, including norovirus and rotavirus, cause foodborne outbreaks, especially due to their persistence in the environment and their low infectious doses (10 to 100 particles) (7,8). Murine norovirus, Tulane virus, and sapovirus have been found to attach to the surface of or within ...

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Quantification of multiple waterborne pathogens in drinking water, drainage channels, and surface water in Kampala, Uganda, during seasonal variation

et al. 2017

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Longitudinal water quality monitoring is important for understanding seasonal variations in water quality, waterborne disease transmission, and future implications for climate change and public health. In this study, microfluidic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (MFQPCR) was used to quantify genes from pathogens commonly associated with human intestinal infections in water collected from protected springs, a public tap, drainage channels, and surface water in Kampala, Uganda, from November 2014 to May 2015. The differences in relative abundance of genes during the wet and dry seasons were also assessed. All water sources tested contained multiple genes from pathogenic microorganisms, with drainage channels and surface waters containing a higher abundance of genes as compared to protected spring and the public tap water. Genes detected represented the presence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae, and enterovirus. There was an increased presence of pathogenic genes in drainage channels during the wet season when compared to the dry season. In contrast, surface water and drinking water sources contained little seasonal variation in the quantity of microbes assayed. These results suggest that individual water source types respond uniquely to seasonal variability and that human interaction with contaminated drainage waters, rather than direct ingestion of contaminated water, may be a more important contributor to waterborne disease transmission. Furthermore, future work in monitoring seasonal variations in water quality should focus on understanding the baseline influences of any one particular water source given their unique complexities.

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Sunlight-Induced Inactivation of Human Wa and Porcine OSU Rotaviruses in the Presence of Exogenous Photosensitizers

Cited by 29 publications

References 57 publications

Solar and Temperature Treatments Affect the Ability of Human Rotavirus Wa To Bind to Host Cells and Synthesize Viral RNA

Solar and Temperature Treatments Affect the Ability of Human Rotavirus Wa To Bind to Host Cells and Synthesize Viral RNA

Effect of Leaf Surface Chemical Properties on Efficacy of Sanitizer for Rotavirus Inactivation

Quantification of multiple waterborne pathogens in drinking water, drainage channels, and surface water in Kampala, Uganda, during seasonal variation

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