Super- and Coinfection: The Two Extremes

Nowak, Martin A.; Sigmund, Karl

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525728.013

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The proof is an adaptation of the one given, e.g., by Nowak & Sigmund (2002) for the case without seasonality. Given that ( ) 0 S t = for ( 1) nT t n T + τ < < +…”

Section: Appendix A: Proof For R 0 Maximisationmentioning

confidence: 87%

Periodic host absence can select for higher or lower parasite transmission rates

et al. 2010

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1This paper explores the effect of discontinuous periodic host absence on the evolution of 2 pathogen transmission rates by using R 0 maximisation techniques. The physiological 3 consequence of an increased transmission rate can be either an increased virulence, i.e. there 4 is a transmission-virulence trade-off or ii) a reduced between season survival, i.e. there is a 5 transmission-survival trade-off. The results reveal that the type of trade-off determines the 6 direction of selection, with relatively longer periods of host absence selecting for higher 7 transmission rates in the presence of a trade-off between transmission and virulence but lower 8 transmission rates in the presence of a trade-off between transmission and between season 9 survival. The fact that for the transmission-virulence trade-off both trade-off parameters 10 operate during host presence whereas for the transmission-survival trade-off one operates 11 during host presence (transmission) and the other (survival) during the period of host absence 12 is the main cause for this difference in selection direction. Moreover, the period of host 13 absence seems to be the key determinant of the pathogen's transmission rate. Comparing plant 14 patho-systems with contrasting biological features suggests that airborne plant pathogens 15 respond differently to longer periods of host absence than soil-borne plant pathogens. 16 17 3

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“…The proof is an adaptation of the one given, e.g., by Nowak & Sigmund (2002) for the case without seasonality. Given that ( ) 0 S t = for ( 1) nT t n T + τ < < +…”

Section: Appendix A: Proof For R 0 Maximisationmentioning

confidence: 87%

Periodic host absence can select for higher or lower parasite transmission rates

et al. 2010

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“…Pathogen-pathogen interactions at the population-level, which determine attack, invasion and killing strategies regulating host death. Such interactions can be suggested by the non-linear killing rate of the host at different inoculum sizes of a single strain (e.g., N. tanajoae; Oduor et al 1997a) and possible multiple infection trades between strains (Gandon and Michalakis 2002;Nowak and Sigmund 2002), e.g. between local and exotic strains; 3.…”

Section: Implications For Sustainable Microbial Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons from interactions within the cassava green mite fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae system and prospects for microbial control using Entomophthorales

Hountondji

2008

Exp Appl Acarol

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Most fungal pathogens lack the capacity to search for their host but rather develop sit-and-wait strategies that favour contact with them. The success of these strategies depends upon the interactions of the pathogen with its host, the host plant and the environmental conditions, which altogether determine its transmissibility. Given the limited success that has characterized application of sustainable microbial control, particularly using Entomophthorales, interaction studies have been conducted with the entomophthoralean fungus Neozygites tanajoae, pathogenic to the cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa, to help understand differences observed between laboratory and field performances of this pathogen. Reciprocal pathogen-host interactions as well as tritrophic interactions involving the host plant were studied. It was found that herbivory triggers the release of volatiles that promote sporulation of isolates of N. tanajoae, whereas the host mite avoids haloes of spores of this pathogen. However, the host mite does not avoid the pathogen when inside the mummified fungus-killed cadaver. The status of microbial control of CGM in Africa is reviewed and implications of these interactions are discussed for prospective application of microbial control using Entomophthorales.

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“…Coinfection is the simultaneous infection of the same host with two different pathogens or two different strains of the same pathogen and leads to coexistence of strains (pathogens) at population level (May and Nowak, 1995). A lot of groundwork has been covered in the mathematical modeling of coinfection of different pathogens (strains) (Getz et al, 2005;Martcheva et al, 2007;May and Nowak, 1995;Nowak and Sigmund, 2002;White et al, 1998), though very little was done in the modeling of HIV-TB coinfection. Naresh and Tripath (2005) studied an HIV-TB coinfection model which assumes that AIDS cases are non-infectious and did not include all stages of HIV and TB interaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Coinfection

Bhunu¹,

Garira²,

Mukandavire

2009

Bull. Math. Biol.

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An HIV/AIDS and TB coinfection model which considers antiretroviral therapy for the AIDS cases and treatment of all forms of TB, i.e., latent and active forms of TB, is presented. We begin by presenting an HIV/AIDS-TB coinfection model and analyze the TB and HIV/AIDS submodels separately without any intervention strategy. The TB-only model is shown to exhibit backward bifurcation when its corresponding reproduction number is less than unity. On the other hand, the HIV/AIDS-only model has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium when its corresponding reproduction number is less than unity. We proceed to analyze the full HIV-TB coinfection model and extend the model to incorporate antiretroviral therapy for the AIDS cases and treatment of active and latent forms of TB. The thresholds and equilibria quantities for the models are determined and stabilities analyzed. From the study we conclude that treatment of AIDS cases results in a significant reductions of numbers of individuals progressing to active TB. Further, treatment of latent and active forms of TB results in delayed onset of the AIDS stage of HIV infection.

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Super- and Coinfection: The Two Extremes

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Periodic host absence can select for higher or lower parasite transmission rates

Periodic host absence can select for higher or lower parasite transmission rates

Lessons from interactions within the cassava green mite fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae system and prospects for microbial control using Entomophthorales

Modeling HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Coinfection

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