Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Rayner, Christopher M.; Oakes, R. Scott; Sakakura, Toshiyasu; Yasuda, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1002/9780470988770.ch4

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…[260] The supercritical point of CO 2 is at 31.1 8C and 72.9 atm/7.39 MPa. In some scCO 2 -extractions, the extract is used, in other instances the residues freed from an undesired substance.…”

Section: Cleaning and Extracting Agentmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[260,[282][283][284][285]345] If the use of CO 2 results in an energetically more efficient process than a conventional solvent, there may be a significant effect on the overall carbon balance, even if the carbon of the CO 2 is not incorporated into the products. [286] Union Carbide has developed the UNICARB process for producing nitrocellulose, in which large amounts of solvent are replaced by scCO 2 .…”

Section: Solvent and Processing Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Technologies for Exploiting and Recycling Carbon Dioxideinto the Value Chain

et al. 2011

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While experts in various fields discuss the potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, the utilization of carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock is also attracting renewed and rapidly growing interest. These approaches do not compete; rather, they are complementary: CCS aims to capture and store huge quantities of carbon dioxide, while the chemical exploitation of carbon dioxide aims to generate value and develop better and more-efficient processes from a limited part of the waste stream. Provided that the overall carbon footprint for the carbon dioxide-based process chain is competitive with conventional chemical production and that the reaction with the carbon dioxide molecule is enabled by the use of appropriate catalysts, carbon dioxide can be a promising carbon source with practically unlimited availability for a range of industrially relevant products. In addition, it can be used as a versatile processing fluid based on its remarkable physicochemical properties.

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Section: Cleaning and Extracting Agentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Solvent and Processing Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Technologies for Exploiting and Recycling Carbon Dioxideinto the Value Chain

et al. 2011

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“…At the critical point, equilibrium is reached between the vapour and liquid states, and above the critical point, a fluid exists (supercritical fluid) that possesses both liquid-and gas-like properties [156]. Carbon dioxide is popular as a supercritical fluid due to its near-ambient critical temperature (31.1 • C) and pressure (73.8 bar) [157]. Carbon dioxide is also easily accessible, relatively inexpensive, non-toxic and non-flammable, recyclable, and environmentally friendly [158].…”

Section: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (Scco 2 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to Improve the Transdermal Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Balmanno,

Falconer,

Ravuri

et al. 2024

Pharmaceutics

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The transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has the potential to overcome some of the major disadvantages relating to oral NSAID usage, such as gastrointestinal adverse events and compliance. However, the poor solubility of many of the newer NSAIDs creates challenges in incorporating the drugs into formulations suitable for application to skin and may limit transdermal permeation, particularly if the goal is therapeutic systemic drug concentrations. This review is an overview of the various strategies used to increase the solubility of poorly soluble NSAIDs and enhance their permeation through skin, such as the modification of the vehicle, the modification of or bypassing the barrier function of the skin, and using advanced nano-sized formulations. Furthermore, the simple yet highly versatile microemulsion system has been found to be a cost-effective and highly successful technology to deliver poorly water-soluble NSAIDs.

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“…For example, supercritical carbon dioxide has been heavily researched for use in the production of polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, and fluoropolymers. 8 Supercritical carbon dioxide has been also utilized for oxidation of organics such as cyclohexene and phenols. 8 Carbon dioxide is well-suited for oxidation reactions because it is already completely oxidized; hence, it does not form oxidation products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Supercritical carbon dioxide has been also utilized for oxidation of organics such as cyclohexene and phenols. 8 Carbon dioxide is well-suited for oxidation reactions because it is already completely oxidized; hence, it does not form oxidation products. Also, gases such as oxygen are completely miscible with supercritical carbon dioxide, eliminating masstransfer limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercritical-fluid-assisted oxidation of oleic acid with ozone and potassium permanganate

2009

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The goal of this research was to determine if any advantages could be realized by conducting the oxidation of oleic acid with ozone and potassium permanganate in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ). The ozonolysis of oleic acid without SC-CO 2 at 313.15 K and ambient pressure resulted in complete conversion of the oleic acid within 2 hrs. The reaction was zero-order, indicating the system was mass-transfer limited, and the rate of oleic acid disappearance was 0.077 mol s -1 m -3 . Due to experimental limitations, no reaction was observed in the case of ozone in SC-CO 2 . However, oxidation of oleic acid with potassium permanganate in SC-CO 2 at 12.2 MPa resulted in an increase in oleic acid conversion from 50.8% to 95.1% at 308.15 K and 51.7% to 95.6% at 318.15 K. Oleic acid oxidation with potassium permanganate in supercritical carbon dioxide was found to have a reaction order of 1.75 with rate constants of 5.33 ¥ 10 -5 m 2.25 s -1 mol -0.75 and 1.43 ¥ 10 -4 m 2.25 s -1 mol -0.75 at 308.15 K and 318.15 K, respectively. Also, increased yields of the target products, azelaic acid and pelargonic acid, were obtained when compared to the oxidation without SC-CO 2 . In terms of greenness, the addition of SC-CO 2 allows product separation to be combined with reaction, which reduces the need for other energy-intensive separations, such as distillation, which are traditionally used. In comparing the two oxidizers, ozone is more efficient, but the use of potassium permanganate would eliminate concerns associated with fugitive emissions of ozone into the environment.

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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Cited by 13 publications

References 184 publications

Chemical Technologies for Exploiting and Recycling Carbon Dioxideinto the Value Chain

Chemical Technologies for Exploiting and Recycling Carbon Dioxideinto the Value Chain

Strategies to Improve the Transdermal Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Supercritical-fluid-assisted oxidation of oleic acid with ozone and potassium permanganate

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