Supercritical CO₂ Extraction of Carotene and Lutein from Leaf Protein Concentrates

Abstract

Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide was used to extract carotene and Iutein from leaf protein concentrate (LPC). Extractions were performed using pressures of lo-70 MPa at 40°C and CO2 flow rates of 5-6 L/min. Over 90% of the carotene contained in LPC was removed at extraction pressures in excess of 30 MPa. Removal of lutein from LPC required higher extraction pressures (70 MPa) and gas volumes to attain a 70% recovery level. Experimental results were rationalized with the aid of solubility parameter theory. The described process offers the possibility of obtaining a selective extraction of natural colorants, free of solvent residuals, which can bc used as food dyes.

Selective extraction of palm carotene and vitamin E from fresh palm-pressed mesocarp fiber (Elaeis guineensis) using supercritical CO2

“…The combined moisture and pressure effect have greatly enhanced the selectivity of carotene extraction in the sample mixture. The results obtained in this study agreed with the published literatures that pressure increased the extraction rate of carotene (Favati, King, Friedrich, & Eksins, 1988;Goto, Sato, & Hirose, 1993). By pre-extracting about 40% of the triglycerides with low carotene content at 10 MPa and 20 MPa, carotene has been retained and enriched in the latter fractions with average concentration of 3942 mg/kg and recovery of 90% (Fig.…”

Determination of lutein and zeaxanthin and antioxidant capacity of supercritical carbon dioxide extract from daylily (Hemerocallis disticha)

“…Several studies demonstrated that lutein and zeaxanthin extractions in different materials were more sensitive to the extraction pressure than extraction temperature in the supercritical fluid extraction (Favati et al, 1988;Naranjo-Modad, Lpez-Mungua, Vilarem, Gaset, & Brzana, 2000;Careri et al, 2001;Montero et al, 2005) On the other hand, extraction pressure was a major parameter for lutein and zeaxanthin extractions. Our results are in agreement with previous studies that extraction pressure was the most important parameter for lutein and zeaxanthin extraction from daylily flowers in SFE-CO 2 .…”

“…Previous studies on the extraction of carotenoids with SFE-CO 2 have focused mostly on extracting b-carotene and lycopene from carrots (Barth, Zhou, Kute, & Rosenthal, 1995), ripe tomatoes (Cadoni, Giorgi, Medda, & Poma, 2000) and watermelons (Katherine, Edgar, Jerry, Luke, & Julie, 2008). Favati, King, Friedrich, and Eskins (1988) investigated the SFE-CO 2 extraction of lutein from leaf protein concentrate at 40°C under six pressures ranging from 10 to 70 MPa. They reported that over 90% of the carotene from leaf protein concentrate was removed at extraction pressures in excess of 30 MPa, but the removal of lutein from the leaf protein concentrate required a higher extraction pressure of 70 MPa.…”

Selective extraction of carotenoids from the microalga Dunaliella salina with retention of viability

“…Therefore, carotenoids, mainly b-carotene, are widely used by the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Increasing demand for b-carotene, mostly natural b-carotene, has resulted in growing interest in extracting b-carotene from dierent natural sources (Vega et al, 1996) such as vegetable and fruit wastes (Favati et al, 1988;Keat et al, 1991;Sadler et al, 1990;Spanos et al, 1993;Vega et al, 1996). However, by far the highest concentrations of b-carotene are found in the halotolerant microalga Dunaliella salina, reaching levels of up to 100 g kg )1 on a dry weight basis (Ben-Amotz, 1993).…”