Supercritical Fluid Atomic Layer Deposition: Base-Catalyzed Deposition of SiO₂

Abstract

An in situ FTIR thin film technique was used to study the sequential atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactions of SiCl4, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) precursors, and water on nonporous silica powder using supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) as the solvent. The IR work on nonporous powders was used to identify the reaction sequence for using a sc-CO2-based ALD to tune the pore size of a mesoporous silica. The IR studies showed that only trace adsorption of SiCl4 occurred on the silica, and this was due to the desiccating power of sc-CO2 to remove the adsorbed water from the surface. This was overcome by employing a three-step reaction scheme involving a first step of adsorption of triethylamine (TEA), followed by SiCl4 and then H2O. For TEOS, a three-step reaction sequence using TEA, TEOS, and then water offered no advantage, as the TEOS simply displaced the TEA from the silica surface. A two-step reaction involving the addition of TEOS followed by H2O in a second step did lead to silica film growth. However, higher growth rates were obtained when using a mixture of TEOS/TEA in the first step. The hydrolysis of the adsorbed TEOS was also much slower than that of the adsorbed SiCl4, and this was overcome by using a mixture of water/TEA during the second step. While the three-step process with SiCl4 showed a higher linear growth rate than obtained with two-step process using TEOS/TEA, its use was not practical, as the HCl generated led to corrosion of our sc-CO2 delivery system. However, when applying the two-step ALD reaction using TEOS on an MCM-41 powder, a 0.21 nm decrease in pore diameter was obtained after the first ALD cycle whereas further ALD cycles did not lead to further pore size reduction. This was attributed to the difficulty in removal of the H2O in the pores after the first cycle.

Improved ORR Activity and Long-Term Durability of Pt Nanoparticles Deposited on TiO2-Decorated Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

“…Among the several possible techniques, some groups suggested atomic layer deposition (ALD) as an appropriate tool for the deposition of metal oxides on a substrate. [26][27][28][29][30] Influence of defects in verticallyaligned CNTs on the deposition of TiO 2 using the ALD method has been investigated. 31 It was observed that nucleation of the nanoparticles depends on the availability of the heteroatoms on the support surface rather than structural defects.…”