Supercritical fluid extraction of steroids from biological samples and first experience with solid-phase microextraction–liquid chromatography

Novel analytical methods for the determination of steroid hormones in edible matrices

“…Additional possibilities are manipulating the pressure and/or temperature or the use of modifiers into the obtained fluid which changes the solvating power of the supercritical fluid. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the most frequently used supercritical fluid [58,69]. Few papers described the use of SFE for residue analysis of steroid hormones.…”

“…Stolker et al [58] developed a multi-analyte (megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, melengestrol acetate), multi-matrix (skin, meat and fat) method for the routine determination of steroids in animal tissues coupling SFE to SPE. Kurečková et al [69] concluded that SFE is suitable as a sample preparation technique for monitoring trace levels of corticosteroids in animal tissue. As reviewed by Ridgway et al [72] one of the main problems with SFE is the robustness of the method compared to other extraction techniques.…”

“…Subsequently, analytes are desorbed into a suitable apparatus for separation and determination. This technique is based on the distribution of analytes between an extraction phase (polymer) and the matrix [69]. As reviewed by Ridgway et al [72] the main advantages of SPME compared to solvent extraction are the reduction in solvent use, the combination of sampling and extraction and the ability to examine smaller sample sizes.…”

“…As reviewed by Ridgway et al [72] the main advantages of SPME compared to solvent extraction are the reduction in solvent use, the combination of sampling and extraction and the ability to examine smaller sample sizes. Kurečková et al [69] showed the great potential of SPME for the isolation of corticosteroids from water and urine. So far, no applications for f.i.…”

Coupling solid-phase microextraction to liquid chromatography. A review

“…Analytical determination was then performed by micro-HPLC on a column based on a new continuous polymer bed technology. Two papers have reported the determination of steroids in biological samples [57,58]. Volmer et al developed an SPME-LC-MS method for the determination of eleven corticosteroids and two steroid conjugates in urine, using the CW/TPR fiber; the method was characterized by LOD in the low ng mL -1 range, good linearity over three concentration decades, and precision, as RSD, never worse than 11% when an internal standard was used.…”