Superficial Synthesis of CdS Quantum Dots for an Efficient Perovskite-Sensitized Solar Cell

Abstract

In this paper, a thorough investigation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticle characteristics has been studied as a result of the wide attention and enormous application in a solar cell. Perovskite-sensitized solar cells (PSSCs) are a favorably effectual and sanitary hybrid, organic–inorganic solar cell device. The simple way uses synthesized cost-effective CdS quantum dots (QDs) via the sol–gel approach and also investigates their structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of CdS nanoparticles with the density functional theory method in B3LYP. Moreover, we use high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques to confirm our calculations and acquire good agreement to the structural analysis of CdS QD formation. The maximum grain diameter is obtained from a HRTEM image, at ∼4 nm. The particle size analyzer that obtained ∼4 nm of CdS QD nanoparticles was determine via a dynamic light scattering study. The results demonstrated that the fabricated CdS QD-based dye-sensitized solar cell and PSSC represented a maximum power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.5 and 1.8% at 1 sun condition. This efficiency was improved by approximately 72%, associated with that of the reference cell.

Review on Solar Hydrogen: Its Prospects and Limitations

“…Sonker et al have shown that the fabricated CdS QD-based dye-sensitized solar cell and perovskite-sensitized solar cells (PSSCs) are suitable for solar energy harvesting. They have maximum power conversion efficiencies (η) of 0.5 and 1.8%, respectively, at 1 sun condition …”

“…They have maximum power conversion efficiencies (η) of 0.5 and 1.8%, respectively, at 1 sun condition. 89 Hybrid organic−inorganic perovskite solar cells have been developed by Green et al 90 The general chemical formula of perovskites is AMX 3 ; ,here the metallic M cations and X anions form MX 6 4− octahedra with A cations occupying the 12-fold coordinated holes inside the cavity. They have excellent optical−electrical properties for PV systems, such as suitable and tunable band gap, strong optical absorption, considerable carrier diffusion length, and high defect tolerance.…”

Additive Engineering for Mixed Lead–Tin Narrow-Band-Gap Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Advances and Perspectives

“…The new third-generation solar cells, such as perovskite solar cells (PSCs), dye-sensitized solar cells, and quantum dot solar cells, have received increasing interests recently as a result of the facile fabrication process, low-cost raw material, and superior theoretical PCEs. − In particular, PSCs with lead (Pb)-based halide perovskites as light absorbers exhibit several unique and excellent optical/electronic properties, including adjustable band gaps, high optical absorption coefficients, high mobility, and long diffusion length of charge carriers, leading to a rapid boosting rate of PCEs of PSCs from 3.8 to 25.7% in the last 14 years. − Therefore, the newly developed PSCs are considered as the most potential replacements to traditional silicon-based solar cells for large-scale and sustainable photovoltaic power generation. , Although the PCEs of Pb-based PSCs have reached 25.7% recently, the large-scale applications of Pb-based organic–inorganic hybrid PSCs still face many crucial challenges. − First, the band gaps of Pb-based organic–inorganic perovskites currently used in high-performance PSCs are generally 1.5–1.6 eV, which are much larger than the theoretical optimal band gap of 1.3–1.4 eV for solar cells calculated according to the Shockley–Queisser (S–Q) theory . Second, the toxicity of Pb is extremely harmful to the environment and humans. − To overcome these problems, numerous researchers are trying to develop new Pb-free or Pb-less halide perovskites using non-toxic metals, including tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), and germanium (Ge), to achieve sustainable and clean perovskite photovoltaics. − Among various alternatives to Pb 2+ cations, Sn 2+ cations have similar electronic structures to Pb 2+ and comparable ion radii (the ionic radii of Sn 2+ and Pb 2+ are 110 and 119 pm, respectively). − Therefore, partial or complete replacement of Pb 2+ in perovskites by Sn 2+ will not lead to significant lattice distortions in the perovskite structure .…”

Investigation of Ag doping and ligand engineering on green synthesized CdS quantum dots for tuning their optical properties

“…So QDs have attracted significant interest because of their tunable optical and electrical properties with size from the quantization effect. These have potential applications in the various fields of solar cell, laser, drug delivery, photocatalysis, photodetectors, light emitters, and bioimaging [2][3][4][5][6]. Generally, the QDs have been prepared by solution methods.…”