Superfluidity in the stochastic limit

Accardi, Luigi; Козырев, С. В.

doi:10.1155/s1026022604401010

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…Our treatment in this letter is not sufficient to deal with the stability problem of the field. But in another application of the stochastic limit to superfluidity [7], a procedure to deal with this kind of self interaction has been already discussed and a non-linear equation has been derived. We think that we will be able to approach the stability problems of the non-equilibrium field also with a similar procedure.…”

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Stimulated Emission With Non-Equilibrium State of Radiation

Accardi

Imafuku

Козырев

2003

The Physics of Communication

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The stimulated emission from an atom interacting with radiation in non-equilibrium state is considered. The stochastic limit, applied to the non-relativistic Hamiltonian describing the interaction, shows that the state of atoms, driven by some non-equilibrium state of the field approaches a stationary state which can continuously emit photon, unlike the case with an equilibrium state.Einstein applied Planck's radiation theory to describe the equilibrium state between a atom and field [1]. He perceived that such an equilibrium state can be realized through the detailed balance condition, i.e. the balance in each mode between spontaneous and "stimulated emission", i.e. the emission from the atom stimulated by the field. Einstein's investigation can be said to give the clearest insight into the origin of Planck's radiation because, with this notion, we can understand the Planck's law on the density of states of the photons from an equilibrium field, i.e.On the other hand, with the development of technology, a controlled emission with a controlled stimulating field has been realized in experimental situation, for example, a laser system. A laser is often described in terms of stimulated emission from an equilibrium state at negative temperature [2]. However the concept of the negative temperature can't be accepted literally, but rather as an expediency to understand an inverse population state of the atoms which can emit photons. More precisely, a laser should be considered as a stimulated emission due to a non-equilibrium state of a field. In this letter we propose a way to understand such kind of stimulated emissions from non-equilibrium states, without introducing any phenomenological expediency like a negative temperature.We apply the stochastic limit [3] to the non-relativistic QED Hamiltonian and derive two types of equations: one is the so-called rate equation for the atom and the other is an equation describing the time evolution of the number of photons. In addition, based on these equations, we discuss the stimulated emission from the atom interacting with some non-equilibrium field. The state of an atom driven by the non-equilibrium state of the field approaches a stationary state which can continuously emit photon, unlike the case of the equilibrium field. The conditions of the non-equilibrium state of the field for such phenomena is also made clear.We shall consider an atom interacting with the EM-filed described with the standard non-relativistic QED Hamiltonianwhere

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Stimulated Emission With Non-Equilibrium State of Radiation

Accardi

Imafuku

Козырев

2003

The Physics of Communication

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THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: Other ion channels

Alexander

Kelly

Marrion

et al. 2017

British J Pharmacology

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The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18 provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13881/full. Other ion channels are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2017, and supersedes data presented in the 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature Committee of the Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. Conflict of interestThe authors state that there are no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Superfluidity in the stochastic limit

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Stimulated Emission With Non-Equilibrium State of Radiation

Stimulated Emission With Non-Equilibrium State of Radiation

THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: Other ion channels

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