Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties

Fricke, B.

doi:10.1007/bfb0116498

Cited by 165 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Element 104, rutherfordium, Rf, marks the beginning of a remarkable series of chemical elements: From a nuclear point of view, they can be called superheavy elements -as they only live because of their microscopic shell stabilization (see below for a detailed discussion) -and, from a chemical point of view, they are transactinide elements. In agreement with Seaborg's empirical actinide concept [1], analog to the sixth period of the PTE, a new series of 6d-transition elements begins with element 104 followed by 7 p elements from atomic number 113 to 118 [42,43]. Important and interesting questions for chemists concern the position of superheavy elements in the PTE and related chemical properties -especially in comparison with their lighter homologs in the respective groups; see Fig.…”

Section: Introduction and Historical Remarkssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…These experiments not only yielded new isotopes like 271 Hs [80], but were also instrumental in confirming the observation of new elements [41,81]. Table The Periodic Table of [42,43]. In more general terms, the issue of "Relativity and the Periodic System of Elements" has been in the focus for some time [82,83].…”

Section: Nuclear Syntheses and Decaysmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Very early on, the question how closely Cn would resemble the chemistry of Hg attracted much attention [43]. Relativistic calculations, which show a strong stabilization of the closed 7s 2 shell, indicated the possibility that element 112 is rather inert -almost like a noble gas -and, in elementary form, a gas or a very volatile liquid (metal) [141].…”

Section: Copernicium (Cn Element 112)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemistry of superheavy elements

Schädel

2012

Radiochimica Acta

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Summary. The chemistry of superheavy elements -or transactinides from their position in the Periodic Table -is summarized. After giving an overview over historical developments, nuclear aspects about synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of these elements, produced in hot-fusion reactions, and their nuclear decay properties are briefly mentioned. Specific requirements to cope with the one-atom-at-a-time situation in automated chemical separations and recent developments in aqueous-phase and gas-phase chemistry are presented. Exciting, current developments, first applications, and future prospects of chemical separations behind physical recoil separators ("pre-separator") are discussed in detail. The status of our current knowledge about the chemistry of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104), dubnium (Db, element 105), seaborgium (Sg, element 106), bohrium (Bh, element 107), hassium (Hs, element 108), copernicium (Cn, element 112), and element 114 is discussed from an experimental point of view. Recent results are emphasized and compared with empirical extrapolations and with fully-relativistic theoretical calculations, especially also under the aspect of the architecture of the Periodic Table.

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Section: Introduction and Historical Remarkssupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Nuclear Syntheses and Decaysmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Copernicium (Cn Element 112)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemistry of superheavy elements

Schädel

2012

Radiochimica Acta

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“…Relativistic quantumchemical treatments, which reliably calculate the electronic configurations of heavy element atoms, ions and molecules, combined with fundamental physico-chemical considerations of the interactions of these species with their chemical environment, allow detailed predictions of chemical properties of SHEs. Reviews of theoretical work including predictions of chemical properties can be found in [7,[33][34][35][36].…”

Section: The Periodic Table and Relativistic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relativistic effects become increasingly strong and, in interplay with shell effects, significantly influence the behaviour of these elements. The aspect of 'relativity and the periodic system of elements' has been in the focus since decades [4,33,45].…”

Section: The Periodic Table and Relativistic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry of the superheavy elements

Schädel

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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One contribution of 18 to a discussion meeting issue 'The new chemistry of the elements' . Darmstadt, GermanyThe quest for superheavy elements (SHEs) is driven by the desire to find and explore one of the extreme limits of existence of matter. These elements exist solely due to their nuclear shell stabilization. All 15 presently 'known' SHEs (11 are officially 'discovered' and named) up to element 118 are short-lived and are manmade atom-at-a-time in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. They are identical to the transactinide elements located in the seventh period of the periodic table beginning with rutherfordium (element 104), dubnium (element 105) and seaborgium (element 106) in groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Their chemical properties are often surprising and unexpected from simple extrapolations. After hassium (element 108), chemistry has now reached copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114). For the later ones, the focus is on questions of their metallic or possibly noble gas-like character originating from interplay of most pronounced relativistic effects and electronshell effects. SHEs provide unique opportunities to get insights into the influence of strong relativistic effects on the atomic electrons and to probe 'relativistically' influenced chemical properties and the architecture of the periodic table at its farthest reach. In addition, they establish a test bench to challenge the validity and predictive power of modern fully relativistic quantum chemical models.

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Stabilität der Oxidationsstufe +4 in Verbindungen der Gruppe 14 von Kohlenstoff bis zum Element 114

1998

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Die Stabiliät der Oxidationsstufe +4 nimmt in der Gruppe 14 von Silicium zum Element 114 ab, wie relativistische und nichtrelativistische Rechnungen an den Hydriden, Fluoriden und Chloriden der Elemente der Gruppe 14 ergaben (siehe Gang der Energien der Zerfallsreaktion (1) im Bild). Damit erscheint es unwahrscheinlich, daß das superschwere Element 114, das wegen der magischen Protonen‐ und Neutronzahl stabile Isotope aufweisen könnte, durch Atom‐at‐a‐time‐Chemie in der Oxidationsstufe +4 untersucht werden kann.

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Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties

Cited by 165 publications

References 72 publications

Chemistry of superheavy elements

Chemistry of superheavy elements

Chemistry of the superheavy elements

Stabilität der Oxidationsstufe +4 in Verbindungen der Gruppe 14 von Kohlenstoff bis zum Element 114

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