Superior oblique muscle proprioception and the trochlear nerve

Manni, E; Bortolami, R.; Deriu, P. L.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(70)90148-2

Cited by 27 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The results of the present investigations extend and confirm those obtained in previous researches (3,(4)(5)(6)(7)9). The findings reported in this paper clearly support the existence of aberrant trigeminal axons which abandon the fifth nerve at the level of the cavernous sinus and which enter the oculomotor trunk, run along the mesencephalon, pons and bulb and terminate in the subnucleus gelatinosus of the nucleus caudalis trigemini.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Afferent trigeminal fibres in the oculomotor nerve and their physiological role

et al. 1984

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…However, it has been shown that such a statement is not true, as the trunk of these nerves contains a certain number of afferent fibres [2,3,[4][5][6][7]9,[11][12][13]. However, it has been shown that such a statement is not true, as the trunk of these nerves contains a certain number of afferent fibres [2,3,[4][5][6][7]9,[11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afferent trigeminal fibres in the oculomotor nerve and their physiological role

et al. 1984

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A study of afferent input to the inferior olivary complex in the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase

Brown

Chan‐Palay

Palay

1977

J of Comparative Neurology

212

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Under direct visualization, minute amounts of horseradish peroxidase were injected by controlled air pressure through glass micropipettes into the inferior olive of the albino rat. Well localized unilateral injections were obtained, without damage to other brainstem areas or spread into the adjacent reticular formation. After 24 to 36 hours, the entire brain and spinal cord were examined by light microscopy for labelled neurons supplying afferents to the inferior olive.With few exceptions, labelled somata rostra1 to the inferior olive were found ipsilateral to the injection site, the greatest number occurring in the subparafascicular nucleus and central gray substance around the caudal third ventricle, in the N. of Forel's field, Nn. of Darkschewitsch and Cajal, and adjacent reticular formation, and in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Labelled cells were also noted in the sensorimotor cortex, red nucleus, peri-aqueductal gray and all subdivisions of the pretectal complex. Caudal to the olive, labelled neurons were located primarily on the contralateral side in the lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal column nuclei and nucleus proprius of the spinal cord. At the level of the olive, numerous labelled cells occurred bilaterally, but mainly contralateral to the injection site in the lateral and interpositus nuclei of the cerebellum. A smaller number were seen in the N. prepositus hypoglossi and in the medial and spinal subdivisions of the vestibular complex ipsilaterally, in the N. spinal tract of V contralaterally, and in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus bilaterally. A few neurons in the N. raphe obscurus were also labelled. No positive cells were found in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, locus coeruleus, or medial cerebellar nucleus.The results are compared and contrasted, region by region, with previous studies of afferent olivary pathways and, where possible, correlations are made with physiologic data. studies over the past ten years, and during this time many theories have emerged. These have been amply reviewed by Armstrong ('74) and Chan-Palay ('77) and will not be further recounted here. What has been lacking, however, is a more precise determination of the various sources of afferents to the inferior olive by which this very important pathway might be influenced.Early anterograde degeneration studies with Marchi and reduced silver techniques began the piecemeal assembly of olivary afferents, but even discrete lesions ran the risk of destroying fibers of passage as well as cell bodies, and there was often controversy over exactly what constituted terminal degeneration. Autoradiography has overcome most of these difficulties, but the problem of limitation of injection sites remains, and this method still enables determination of only one afferent source a t a time, although it is extremely useful in defining precisely which regions of a nucleus like the olive receive afferents from a particular source. The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as developed by Krist...

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Development of the trochlear nucleus in quail and comparative study of the trochlear nucleus, nerve, and innervation of the superior oblique muscle in quail, chick, and duck

Sohal

Knox

Allen

et al. 1985

J of Comparative Neurology

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The present study was undertaken to examine the development of the trochlear nucleus in quail and to compare the mature trochlear nucleus, nerve, and their sole target of innervation, the superior oblique muscle, in quail, chick, and duck. Study of the trochlear nucleus in quail from embryonic day 5 through hatching shows a maximum of 1,248 neurons on embryonic day 10 followed by spontaneous degeneration of 40% of the neurons between days 10 and 16. Previous studies have shown that although the initial and final number of neurons is different in chick and duck, the magnitude of trochlear cell loss in both species is about 40%. This study shows the average number of neurons in the nucleus of quail, chick, and duck, 2 weeks post-hatching, to be 658, 743 and 1,459, respectively. Fiber counts in the trochlear nerve from electron micrograph montages at the same period indicated a ratio of about 1:1 between neurons and axons. While a majority of the fibers in these nerves are myelinated, an average of 3-6% of the fibers are unmyelinated. The nucleus in the quail not only contains the smallest number of neurons but it also innervates the smallest muscle in terms of total number of muscle cells and endplates. However, the opposite relationship does not hold true. The nucleus in duck contains the largest number of neurons, yet the largest number of muscle cells and endplates were found in the chick. The ratios between the neurons and muscle cells as well as between neurons and endplates are about the same in quail and duck. These ratios are much higher in the chick, reflecting the relatively small neuron pool destined for a relatively large target. In spite of variations in the number of neurons, muscle fibers, and endplates the average number of endplates per muscle fiber is relatively constant among the three species.

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Superior oblique muscle proprioception and the trochlear nerve

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Afferent trigeminal fibres in the oculomotor nerve and their physiological role

Afferent trigeminal fibres in the oculomotor nerve and their physiological role

A study of afferent input to the inferior olivary complex in the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase

Development of the trochlear nucleus in quail and comparative study of the trochlear nucleus, nerve, and innervation of the superior oblique muscle in quail, chick, and duck

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