Superoxide dismutase: an industrial perspective

Abstract

The application of enzyme technologies to industrial research, development, and manufacturing has become a very important field. Since the production of crude rennet in 1874, several enzymes have been commercialized, and used for therapeutic, supplementary, and other applications. Recent advancements in biotechnology now allow companies to produce safer and less expensive enzymes with enhanced potency and specificity. Antioxidant enzymes are emerging as a new addition to the pool of industrial enzymes and are surpassing all other enzymes in terms of the volume of research and production. In the 1990s, an antioxidant enzyme--superoxide dismutase (SOD)--was introduced into the market. Although the enzyme initially showed great promise in therapeutic applications, it did not perform up to expectations. Consequently, its use was limited to non-drug applications in humans and drug applications in animals. This review summarizes the rise and fall of SOD at the industrial level, the reasons for this, and potential future thrust areas that need to be addressed. The review also focuses on other industrially relevant aspects of SOD such as industrial importance, enzyme engineering, production processes, and process optimization and scale-up.

A highly stable Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase from Withania somnifera plant: gene cloning, expression and characterization of the recombinant protein

“…1.15.1.1) belong to a family of metallo enzymes and are classified into four types depending on the prosthetic metal groups: Cu/Zn, Mn, Fe and Ni-SOD (Youn et al 1996). SODs are of interest to pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and biotechnology industries (Kumar et al 2002;Bafana et al 2010). Both native and recombinant SODs from various sources, for example bovine, horseradish, Escherichia coli, dog, human and yeast, are marketed as biochemical and therapeutic agents (Bafana et al 2010).…”

“…SODs are of interest to pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and biotechnology industries (Kumar et al 2002;Bafana et al 2010). Both native and recombinant SODs from various sources, for example bovine, horseradish, Escherichia coli, dog, human and yeast, are marketed as biochemical and therapeutic agents (Bafana et al 2010). Stability of SODs to various physical and chemical denaturing agents is important for their industrial applications.…”

Simple Biological Systems for Assessing the Activity of Superoxide Dismutase Mimics

“…Promising results with superoxide dismutase (SOD) preparations (9,47,81) stimulated an intense search for pharmacological agents that combine highly efficient detoxification of superoxide radical (O 2 -) with minimal side effects. Advancement in understanding of the mechanisms of the SODcatalyzed O 2 -dismutation, and the fact that certain transition metal complexes are capable of substituting for the SODs, directed the efforts toward creation of functional, artificial SOD catalysts-SOD mimics.…”

The Bioantioxidants (Part 1)

“…Позже выяснилось, что СОД имеет несколько изоформ, отличающихся в основном строе-нием активного центра. Структура и свойства этих фер-ментов в настоящее время всесторонне изучены [14]. Нативные изоформы СОД чрезвычайно устойчивы, они выдерживают прогревание при 100 °С в течение одной минуты и сохраняют каталитическую актив-ность в широком диапазоне рН (от 2 до 12) [15].…”