Superoxide dismutase from venom of the ectoparasitoid <i>Scleroderma guani</i> inhibits melanization of hemolymph

Liu, Nai-Yong; Huang, Jiyue; Ren, Xue-Min; Xu, Zhi-Wen; Yan, Nai-Sheng; Zhu, Jia‐Ying

doi:10.1002/arch.21503

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…hyperodae venom contains a superoxide dismutase (SOD), which has been demonstrated in the venoms of parasitoids L. boulardi and Scleroderma guani to prevent melanization of the parasitoid egg by disrupting the PPO cascade (Colinet et al, 2011;Liu, Huang, et al, 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The parthenogenesis mechanism and venom complement of the parasitoid wasp Microctonus hyperodae, a declining biocontrol agent

Inwood

Harrop

Dearden

2022

Preprint

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A biocontrol system in New Zealand using the endoparasitoid Microctonus hyperodae is failing, despite once being one of the most successful examples of classical biocontrol worldwide. In this study, RNA-seq was used to characterise two key traits of M. hyperodae in this system, the venom complement, critical for the initial success of biocontrol, and the asexual reproduction, which influenced the decline. Full characterisation of M. hyperodae venom revealed 82 candidate venom transcripts with both signal peptides and significantly higher expression in venom. Among these were many involved in manipulating the host environment to source nutrition for the parasitoid egg, preventing a host immune response against the egg, as well as two components that may stimulate the host's innate immune system. Notably lacking from this list was calreticulin, as it also had high expression in the ovaries. In-situ hybridisation revealed expression was localised to the follicle cells, which may result in the deposition of calreticulin into the egg exochorion. Investigating the asexual reproduction of M. hyperodae revealed core meiosis-specific genes had conserved expression patterns with the highest expression in the ovaries, suggesting M. hyperodae parthenogenesis involves meiosis and the potential for sexual reproduction may have been retained. Upregulation of genes involved in endoreduplication provides a potential mechanism for the restoration of diploidy in eggs after meiosis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The parthenogenesis mechanism and venom complement of the parasitoid wasp Microctonus hyperodae, a declining biocontrol agent

Inwood

Harrop

Dearden

2022

Preprint

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“…In addition to SPHs, the melanization response of the host is targeted in many different ways by several other venom proteins present in parasitic wasps, such as calreticulin (Siebert et al., 2015), super oxide dismutase (Colinet et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2018), and serine protease inhibitors (serpins) (Colinet et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2023). The mechanisms of PO activation and blockage have been extensively characterized in Lepidoptera (Yu et al., 2003; Kanost et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2020b), whereas only limited information is available for aphids (Xu et al., 2019), which rely on both intrinsic and symbiont‐based strategies to defend themselves against parasitic wasps (Oliver et al., 2003; Luo et al., 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host aphid immunosuppression by Aphidius ervi venom

Russo,

Becchimanzi,

Magoga

et al. 2024

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The host immunosuppression by parasitic wasps is an important component of the host regulation strategy. The venom injected at the oviposition is one of the key‐factors involved in this host alteration and, in some parasitoids, its immunosuppressive role is complemented by wasp's symbionts. Most studies in this research area are related to hosts belonging to Lepidoptera and Diptera, for which a strong immune response is observed, whereas little is known for hemimetabolous host species, characterized by apparently much weaker defense barriers. To fill this research gap, here we focus on the host–parasitoid system Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) – Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We functionally characterized a serine protease homolog (AeSPH) protein in vivo, identified in the venom of the aphid endoparasitoid A. ervi, generating AeSPH‐depleted female wasps by RNA interference and evaluating their capacity to successfully parasitize the host. Parasitism success rate was negatively affected by AeSPH knockdown and associated with an increased phenoloxidase (PO) cascade activation in aphids, scored by measuring PO enzymatic activity and the expression of phenoloxidase activating factor 2, a proPO‐activating gene upregulated in response to A. ervi parasitism. Our results indicate that AeSPH contributes to parasitism success by inhibiting the melanization response of the host, which is therefore an important component of the defense barriers involved in the parasitoid egg suppression. The ongoing studies on other virulence factors in A. ervi venom will allow to further characterize the immunosuppression strategy and its possible broader role in the host regulation through its action on aphid symbiont development.

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“…Two examples for the protection against oxidative stress are superoxide dismutases and peroxidases. Whereas superoxide dismutases are associated with protection against oxidative stress in insects [53], peroxidases are also presumed to contribute to this function [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enlighting the toxinological dark matter of spider venom enzymes

Dresler,

Herzig,

Vilcinskas

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Spiders produce highly adapted venoms featuring a complex mixture of biomolecules used mainly for hunting and defense. The most prominent components are peptidic neurotoxins, which have been the focus of research and drug development, whereas venom enzymes have been largely neglected. Nevertheless, investigation of venom enzymes not only reveals insights into their biological functions, but also provides templates for future industrial applications. Here we compared spider venom enzymes contained in the VenomZone database and in other publicly available proteo-transcriptomic datasets. We found extensive discrepancies between these sources, revealing a previously unrecognized abundance and diversity of venom enzymes. Furthermore, we assigned the reported enzymes to cellular processes and known venom functions, including toxicity, prey pre-digestion, venom preservation, venom component activation, and venom spreading factors. Our study reveals a gap between databases and publications in terms of enzyme coverage which impedes development of new applications based on the rich and diverse spectrum of enzymes contained in spider venom.

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Superoxide dismutase from venom of the ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani inhibits melanization of hemolymph

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

The parthenogenesis mechanism and venom complement of the parasitoid wasp Microctonus hyperodae, a declining biocontrol agent

The parthenogenesis mechanism and venom complement of the parasitoid wasp Microctonus hyperodae, a declining biocontrol agent

Host aphid immunosuppression by Aphidius ervi venom

Enlighting the toxinological dark matter of spider venom enzymes

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