Superoxide Radical Production Stimulates Retroocular Fibroblast Proliferation in Graves' Ophthalmopathy

Increased oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species in cultured orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: evidence that oxidative stress has a role in this disorder

“…However, increased accumulation of ROS may cause more oxidative damage such as lipid peroxidation or oxidative DNA damage in the GO orbital fibroblasts. In addition, Burch et al 35 have shown that superoxide radical induced the proliferation of cultured orbital fibroblasts from patients with GO in a dosedependent manner, whereas control normal fibroblasts showed no preference in response to superoxide generation. Low concentrations of H 2 O 2 have also been found to stimulate cellular proliferations in a variety of cell types including the fibroblasts.…”

Pathogenesis of Graves Ophthalmopathy: Implications for Prediction, Prevention, and Treatment

“…26 Although mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear, contributors may include effects of orbital hypoxia and the effect of free radicals in tobacco smoke on orbital fibroblast proliferation. 28 Smokers have lower levels of IL-1 receptor antagonists than do nonsmokers, which could adversely affect the orbital disease process. 29 Clearly, the strong association between smoking and GO holds important clues to the pathogenesis of this disorder.…”

Acute thyroid eye disease (TED): Principles of medical and surgical management

“…1,10,11 Increased oxidative stress is reported in hyperthyroidism, and oxygen-free radicals are considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of TED, 12 with serum selenoprotein P, an index of the oxidative state, being reduced in TED patients. 13 Furthermore, clinical studies indicate that oral Selenium, an essential component of antioxidant enzymes, 14 can slow progression of the disease in patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy.…”