Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Promises for Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract

Smart superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are the most promising candidate for theragnosis (i.e., diagnosis and treatment) of multiple sclerosis. A deep understanding of the dynamics of the in vivo neuropathology of multiple sclerosis can be achieved by improving the efficiency of various medical techniques (e.g., positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) using multimodal SPIONs. In this Review, recent advances and challenges in the development of smart SPIONs for theragnostic applications are comprehensively described. In addition, critical outlines of emerging developments are provided from the points of view of both clinicians and nanotechnologists.

Effective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations by Superparamagnetic Poly(aniline‐co‐m‐phenylenediamine)@Fe3O4 Nanocomposite

“…Generally, polymercoated paramagnetic nanomaterials currently are used in ferrofluids, superparamganetic clustering, imaging MRI as a contrasting agent, magnetic separation of biomolecules, drug delivery, and biomedical treatments. 27,28 Therefore, as M s up to 22 emu/g is accepted for bioapplication, it seems that the synthesized nanocomposite can be suitable for biological applications. …”

Application of nanomedicine for crossing the blood–brain barrier: Theranostic opportunities in multiple sclerosis

“…The different environmental conditions in normal and inflamed tissues, for example the lower pH in inflamed tissues, can be used a drug-release mechanism for injured tissues. Several stimuli-sensitive polymers such as triblock poly(styrene-block2-vinylpyridine-block-ethylene oxide), poly(vinylmethylsiloxane), poly(N-isopropylacryla-mide), polystyrene-poly(methylmethacrylate) and polystyrenepoly(methylmethacrylate) can be used for surface conjugation with SPION (Mahmoudi et al 2011).…”

Merging Worlds of Nanomaterials and Biological Environment: Factors Governing Protein Corona Formation on Nanoparticles and Its Biological Consequences

“…a Schematic representation of the possible exchange/interaction scenarios at the bionanointerface at the cellular level. b Schematic drawing of the structure of protein-nanoparticle in blood plasma confirming the existence of various protein binding (e.g., an outer weakly interacting layer of protein (full red arrows ) and a hard slowly exchanging corona of proteins (right ) (adapted with permission from [35]))…”

“…Initially, when the NPs come into contact with biological medium, the most abundant proteins with low affinity adsorb to the NP surface and form the layer which is called soft corona. Over time, those proteins would be replaced by high affinity proteins that have a lower abundance in the medium and form the hard corona layer [22,30,34,35].The coronas may also be classified based on their exchange rates. In particular, hard corona possess long lifetime which shows slow exchange rate with the medium while soft corona has faster exchange rates.…”