Supersolidus liquid phase sintering of water-atomized low-alloy steel in binder jetting additive manufacturing

Yang, M.Z.; Keshavarz, Mohsen K.; Vlasea, Mihaela; Molavi-Kakhki, Amin; Laher, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13882

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…These findings indicate that hydrogen, as a reducing atmosphere, exhibits excellent decarbonization and deoxidation capabilities, and eliminates the excess carbon and oxygen generated by the addition of a resin binder and the mixing and printing processes. Here, apart from carbon serving as a reducing agent for the reduction reactions described by Equations (1) and (2), deoxidation reactions (3) and (4) [ 47 , 49 , 50 ] and decarbonization reactions (5) using hydrogen (H 2 ) as a reducing agent may also occur: b H 2 + Me a O b ⇋ a Me + b H 2 O H 2 + CO 2 ⇋ H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 + C ⇋ CH 4 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Attainment of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel with Selective Laser Sintering

Zhu,

He,

Guan

et al. 2023

Materials

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Due to the low density of the green part produced by selective laser sintering (SLS), previous reports mainly improve the sample’s density through the infiltration of low-melting metals or using isostatic pressing technology. In this study, the feasibility of preparing high-density 316L stainless steel using 316L and epoxy resin E-12 as raw materials for SLS combined with debinding and sintering was investigated. The results indicated that in an argon atmosphere, high carbon and oxygen contents, along with the uneven distribution of oxygen, led to the formation of impurity phases such as metal oxides, including Cr2O3 and FeO, preventing the effective densification of the sintered samples. Hydrogen-sintered samples can achieve a high relative density exceeding 98% without losing their original design shape. This can be attributed to hydrogen’s strong reducibility (effectively reducing the carbon and oxygen contents in the samples, improving their distribution uniformity, and eliminating impurity phases) and hydrogen’s higher thermal conductivity (about 10 times that of argon, reducing temperature gradients in the sintered samples and promoting better sintering). The microstructure of the hydrogen-sintered samples consisted of equiaxed austenite and ferrite phases. The samples exhibited the highest values of tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at 1440 °C, reaching 513.5 MPa, 187.4 MPa, and 76.1%, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Attainment of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel with Selective Laser Sintering

Zhu,

He,

Guan

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…Samples made from different blends of aluminum powders had quite high total porosity, reaching 58%. In general, green parts printed by Binder Jetting often have porosities in the range of 45-65% and densities lower than parts produced by powder metallurgy [85]. No pressure is applied in BJ fabrication, resulting in poorer powder packing [80].…”

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No pressure is applied in BJ fabrication, resulting in poorer powder packing [80]. In contrast, with traditional methods, just pressing the powder alone yields a relative density of 80% [85].…”

Section: Porositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Particle Size Distribution of Irregular Al Powder on Properties of Parts for Electronics Fabricated by Binder Jetting

Marczyk

Hebda

2023

Electronics

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The present work analyzed the influence of the particle size of irregular aluminum powder on the properties of Binder-Jetting-printed parts, which can be used as electronic components. Powders of various particle sizes as well as blends in the ratio of 73–27 wt.% or 27–73 wt.% of coarse to fine powder particles were used. The parts were printed with constant parameters, such as a layer thickness of 120 µm, roller traverse speed of 10 mm/s, and binder saturation of 80%. For parts made of individual blends, analysis of the XRD, density, porosity, surface roughness, and dimensional changes in X, Y, and Z axes after the sintering process was conducted. The results confirmed the trend of smoothing the surface of 3D-printed parts with a reduction in the size of the powder particles used. The best results in terms of surface roughness were obtained for powder in which coarse particles (73%) had 50 µm and fine particles (27%) had 20 µm. However, the incorporation of coarser particles in an amount of 27 wt.% (AL160) to the fine-grained powder base (ALC100) allowed for the obtaining of details with higher density, lower total porosity, and relatively low surface roughness. The combination of these two powder particle sizes allowed the fine powder to fill the voids between the larger particles, resulting in properties that represent an excellent relationship between density, porosity, and surface quality. The research results indicate that the three-dimensional parts produced by Binder Jetting technology, through the phenomenal thermal conductivity of aluminum, can be successfully used as electronic components, such as heat sinks or transistor housings.

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“…The construction of MSC is based on experimentally retrieved sintering data and curve fitting, so as to minimize the deviation of analytical prediction from behavior of actual powder system. MSC has been successfully applied to various material systems, including both alloys [89][90][91], and ceramics [92,93].…”

Section: Processing Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, uneven sintering occurred within heterogeneous parts due to site-specific composition may result in warping and destroy the part geometry. Therefore, further investigation on the sintering profile for heterogeneous parts is required, which can benefit from some modeling effort to expedite the process, such as the utilization of master sintering curve [87][88][89]. Moreover, with the capability of site-specific control by BJ3DP, it is possible to design and verify the distribution of different microstructures, so that a further optimization can be achieved according to the potential application.…”

Section: Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Site-specific control of alloy property through binder jet 3D printing

Chiang

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Supersolidus liquid phase sintering of water-atomized low-alloy steel in binder jetting additive manufacturing

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

Investigation on the Attainment of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel with Selective Laser Sintering

Investigation on the Attainment of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel with Selective Laser Sintering

Effect of the Particle Size Distribution of Irregular Al Powder on Properties of Parts for Electronics Fabricated by Binder Jetting

Site-specific control of alloy property through binder jet 3D printing

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