Superstitious Location Changes By Human Beings

Superstitious Math Performance: Interactions between Rules and Scheduled Contingencies

“…It is not clear whether such behavior is most likely to interact with extinction (Rosenfarb et aL, 1992), various schedules of reinforcement (Cerutti, 1991;Heltzer & Vyse, 1994;Newman et aL, 1995), interacting chains (Lee, 1996), socially mediated rules (Ono, 1994), or other unexplored variables. Heltzer and Vyse (1994) and Rosenfarb et aL (1992) have reported the need for further research aimed at determining whether various types of schedules interact with the generation and following of accurate and superstitious rules.…”

“…In a replication (Heltzer & Vyse, 1994), subjects who performed under the influence of RR schedules were more likely to generate superstitious rules than subjects operating under FR 2 or continuous reinforcement. Additionally, recent findings suggest that superstitious location preferences on a computer screen may be a function of interacting chaining procedures (Lee, 1996).…”

Superstitious Behavior and Response Stereotypy Prevent the Emergence of Efficient Rule-Governed Behavior in Humans

“…The present research shows that even subjects with concept learning ability (humans) will fail to learn a parsimonious rule if they are trained on a procedure that reinforces simple repetition of a response chain. Based on the literature, the failure of humans to come under the control of parsimonious rules appears to be a robust phenomenon, under a variety of conditions (Gross & Gutman, 1988;Heltzer & Vyse, 1994;Lee, 1996;Lopatto & Brown, 1994;Schwartz, 1982). The failure of infrahumans to demonstrate concept learning may be more of a reflection of inadequate training procedures rather than a lack of rudimentary cognitive abilities.…”

“…In a recent paper, Lee (1996) presented students with five computer icons. The student's task was to press the mouse button in order to change the icons.…”

Emissão de sequências de baixa probabilidade inicial em esquemas de reforçamento contínuo concorrentes a reforçamento por variação: efeitos de instruções

“…Numa extensa revisão da literatura, Wassermann, Young e Cook (2004) demonstram que contingências que envolvem variação são mais difíceis de serem discriminadas que outros tipos de contingências, e outros estudos têm sugerido que a formulação de regras pelos participantes é tão mais provável quanto mais difícil for a discriminação da contingência em vigor (i.e. Cerutti, 1994;Lee, 1996;Neuman & Buffington, 1995;Ninness, Ninness, 1999;Ono, 1994;Rosenfarb, et al, 1992). Esses dados sugerem que as contingências que exigem variabilidade são um contexto com grande probabilidade de formulação de regras pelo participante.…”