Abstract:Administering Likert-type questionnaires to online samples risks contamination of the data by malicious computer-generated random responses, i.e., bots. Although nonresponsivity indices (NRIs) such as person-total correlations or Mahalanobis distance have shown great promise to detect bots, universal cutoff values are elusive. An initial calibration sample constructed via stratified sampling of bots and humans---real or simulated under a measurement model---has been used to empirically choose cutoffs with a hi… Show more
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