Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets

Anderson, Richard A.; Polansky, Marilyn M.; Bryden, Noella A.; Canary, John J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.5.909

Cited by 177 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The subjects who had the highest glucose area under the curve showed the greatest improvement when chromium was supplemented. These results concur with other studies (13), in that chromium supplementation is only beneficial in populations who have impaired glucose tolerance.…”

Section: Chromium and Glucose Intolerancesupporting

confidence: 93%

Chromium chloride increases insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb

et al. 2014

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Aim To determine the effect of chromium chloride (CrCl3) on healthy skeletal muscle glucose uptake in the absence and presence of submaximal insulin using the rat hindlimb perfusion technique. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to an experimental group: basal (Bas), chromium chloride (Cr), submaximal insulin (sIns) or chromium chloride plus submaximal insulin (Cr‐sIns). Results Insulin significantly increased [H3]‐2 deoxyglucose (2‐DG) uptake in the gastrocnemius muscles. Additionally, Cr‐sIns displayed greater rates of 2‐DG uptake than sIns (Cr‐sIns 6.86 ± 0.74 μmol g h−1 vs. sIns 4.83 ± 0.42 μmol g h−1). There was no difference between Cr and Bas treatment groups. It has been speculated that chromium works to increase glucose uptake by increasing insulin signalling. We found that Akt and AS160 phosphorylation was increased in the sINS treatment group, while chromium treatment had no additional effect on Akt or AS160 phosphorylation in the absence or presence of insulin. Cr‐sIns significantly increased plasma membrane GLUT4 concentration above that of sIns (Cr‐sIns 72.22 ± 12.7%, sIns 53.4 ± 6.1%), but in the absence of insulin, chromium had no effect. Conclusion Exposure of healthy skeletal muscle to chromium may increase skeletal muscle insulin‐stimulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. However, these effects do not appear to result from enhanced insulin signalling proximal to AS160.

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Section: Chromium and Glucose Intolerancesupporting

confidence: 93%

Chromium chloride increases insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb

et al. 2014

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“…Mertz i Schwarz (69) także stwierdzili zaburzenia rozwoju szczurów żywionych dietą ubogą w chrom. W praktyce niedobór chromu występuje rzadko, zarówno u ludzi, jak i zwierząt (8), jest on zwykle wynikiem niedoborów żywieniowych lub stresu (46). Powodem może być gleba uboga w ten pierwiastek oraz dieta uboga w biał-ko zwierzęce (52).…”

Section: Chrom W żYwieniu Zwierząt I Ludziunclassified

Trivalent chromium (CrIII) as a trace element essential for animals and humans

Kosla¹,

Lasocka²,

Skibniewska³

et al. 2018

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Trivalent chromium is considered an essential element in the nutrition of both animals and humans. Animal studies confirm many beneficial effects of organic and inorganic chromium compounds on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism in the body. Glucose tolerance factor (GTF) has been demonstrated to involve an active form of trivalent chromium, which sustains normal glucose metabolism. Cr(III) compounds form enzymes and ribonucleic acids, accelerate blood clotting and increase β-glucuronidase activity. Chromium also participates in antioxidant processes, in the synthesis of RNA and DNA and in the immune response, as well as affects secretion of hormones and some vitamins. It has been demonstrated that chromium improves lean body mass in animals, increases growth rate and feed conversion and improves feed intake and energy efficiency. Organic chromium reduces mortality and improves animal reproduction parameters. It also enhances immunity and strengthens response to preventive vaccination. It has been noted in many animal species that a diet low in chromium leads to deficiency symptoms, such as reduced feed intake, lower weight gains, reproductive disorders and increased lipid levels. Chromium deficiency can also result from stress. Moderate chromium deficiency is a risk factor of ischemic heart disease with myocardial infarction. Such a condition may pose a great risk of coronary artery disease. Dietary chromium requirement of an animal body is probably 300 μg Cr/kg d.w. of feed, which is usually satisfied by the ration provided. The highest concentration of chromium is found in the hair, skin and teeth, followed by the liver, kidneys, spleen, and slightly lower in the heart, muscles, pancreas, lungs, bones and brain. Chromium absorption rates in the human intestine range between 0.5 and 2% of the daily intake of inorganic Cr forms, and from 25 to 30% of the element ingested as organic complexes. Clinical studies show that the kinetics of chromium excretion from the system are complex and can be described by a multi-range model, the half-life ranging from 13 min to 192 days. Dietary chromium nanocomposite supplementation (CrNano) used in pigs nutrition has significantly increased Cr content in the blood, longissimus muscle, heart, liver, kidneys, jejunum and ileum. Chromium nanocomposite supplementation acts more effectively on the tissues and, as a consequence, increases the accumulation of the element. .

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“…We retrieved 96 articles, of which 41 met eligibility criteria (online appendix Fig. 1 (18 -27), chromium chloride (50 -600 g/day, 15 studies) (21,22,24,(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38), chromium nicotinate (200 -800 g/day, 5 studies) (39 -43), and chromium picolinate (60 -1,000 g/day, 15 studies) (39,44 -57). One study did not describe the chromium formulation (400 g/day) (58).…”

Section: Study Quality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants with glucose intolerance Eight studies with 11 arms included participants with glucose intolerance (20,(32)(33)(34)39,40,53,54) (Fig. 2B).…”

Section: Balk and Associatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the nine studies of participants with glucose intolerance (20,(32)(33)(34)39,46,53,54,58), only Anderson et al (32,33), in two separate studies of 200 g/day chromium chloride, reported statistically significant improvements in postload glucose levels with chromium supplementation: in one, an 8% reduction in 4-h AUC-Glu (but not in 3-h AUCGlu) and in the other a 1.1 mmol/l reduction in 90-min postload glucose. Other studies of all four chromium formulations reported nonsignificant changes in AUC-Glu of Ϫ21 to ϩ3% and in various timed postload glucose levels of Ϫ1.5 to ϩ0.4 mmol/l.…”

Section: Participants With Glucose Intolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids

Tatsioni²,

et al. 2007

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OBJECTIVE -A systematic review of the effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -A literature search was conducted in MED-LINE and the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Eligible studies were English language randomized controlled trials of chromium supplement intake Ն3 weeks, with Ն10 participants receiving chromium. All trials with glucose metabolism outcomes and trials of individuals with diabetes or glucose intolerance for lipid outcomes were included. Meta-analyses were performed as appropriate.RESULTS -Forty-one studies met criteria, almost half of which were of poor quality. Among participants with type 2 diabetes, chromium supplementation improved glycosylated hemoglobin levels by Ϫ0.6% (95% CI Ϫ0.9 to Ϫ0.2) and fasting glucose by Ϫ1.0 mmol/l (Ϫ1.4 to Ϫ0.5) but not lipids. There was no benefit in individuals without diabetes. There were some indications of dose effect and differences among chromium formulations. Larger effects were more commonly observed in poor-quality studies. The evidence was limited by poor study quality, heterogeneity in methodology and results, and a lack of consensus on assessment of chromium status.CONCLUSIONS -No significant effect of chromium on lipid or glucose metabolism was found in people without diabetes. Chromium supplementation significantly improved glycemia among patients with diabetes. However, future studies that address the limitations in the current evidence are needed before definitive claims can be made about the effect of chromium supplementation. Diabetes Care 30:2154-2163, 2007C hromium is an essential mineral that is thought to be necessary for normal glucose and lipid homeostasis (1-3). Trivalent chromium in a complex known as glucose tolerance factor is considered the biologically active form. It was originally discovered in brewer's yeast (4). Chromium chloride, chromium nicotinate, and chromium picolinate are commonly used formulations of trivalent chromium. Chromium picolinate is a formulation designed to improve absorption (5). Severe chromium deficiency is known to cause reversible insulin resistance and diabetes (6 -8). However, the effect of chromium supplementation in individuals who are not severely chromium deficient is unclear. Manufacturers aggressively promote the benefits of chromium in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and its associated conditions (type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease), and the public has embraced its use. Chromium supplement sales represent ϳ6% of the U.S. mineral supplement market (9).To clarify the role of chromium supplementation in the prevention and management of abnormal glucose and lipid homeostasis, we performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effect of chromium supplement intake on glucose metabolism and lipid profile. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Literature search and eligibility criteriaWe conducted a systematic review of the English-language literature on the effects of chromium supplementa...

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Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets

Cited by 177 publications

References 24 publications

Chromium chloride increases insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb

Chromium chloride increases insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb

Trivalent chromium (CrIII) as a trace element essential for animals and humans

Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids

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