Supplemental Material for 'Pennaraptoran theropod dinosaurs : past progress and new frontiers. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 440)'

Pittman, Michael; Xu, Xing; O'Connor, Jingmai.; Field, Daniel J.; Turner, Alan H.; Ma, Waisum.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Tse, Edison.; Norell, Mark A.; Pei, Rui; Pol, Diego; Goloboff, Pablo A.; Ding, Anyang.; Upchurch, Paul; Berv, Jacob S.; Hsiang, Allison Y.; Landis, Michael J.; Dornburg, Alex.; Nebreda, Sergio M.; Navalón, Guillermo.; Menéndez, Iris; Sigurdsen, Trond.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Marugán‐Lobón, Jesús; Wang, Shuo; Stiegler, Josef.; Wu, Peng; Zhong, Zhengming.; Lautenschlager, Stephan; Meade, Luke E.; Roy, Arindam.; Rogers, Christopher S.; Clements, Thomas; Habimana, Olivier.; Martin, Peter R.; Heers, Ashley M.; Serrano, Francisco Javier Paricio; Habib, Michael B.; Dececchi, T. Alexander.; Kaye, Thomas G.; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting.; Novas, Fernando E.; Agnolín, Federico; Egli, Federico Brissón; Coco, Gastón E. Lo

doi:10.5531/sd.sp.44

Cited by 2 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Manipulation of m. supracoracoideus in Rhea (Lowe, 1928;Novas et al, 2020) shows that its contraction protracts the humerus, thus supporting Ostrom's interpretation for Archaeopteryx and early diverging avialans. Ostrom considered Archaeopteryx as representing a pre-flight stage in bird evolution, and the inferred action of the m. supracoracoideus is in accordance with his view.…”

Section: Origin Of the M Supracoracoideus Pulleysupporting

confidence: 60%

“…It is clear to us that, regardless of which pennaraptoran phylogenetic tree is followed, the osteological similarities between Rhea and basal paravians (e.g., Buitreraptor, Archaeopteryx) are analogous, and not strict homologies. In any case, the Rhea shoulder girdle (see Novas et al, 2020) joins models previously studied by several authors (Dial et al, 1991;Baier et al, 2007), and we believe that we cannot ignore the information yielded by the anatomy of this bird and its possible implications on the origin of flight.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Elsewhere (Novas et al, 2020) we preliminarily analyzed the pectoral girdle and forearm of extant non-tinamid paleognaths, emphasizing some similarities with early diverging paravians (i.e., Archaeopteryx, Buitreraptor). Main similarities concern the subvertical orientation of the glenoid cavity and poor development of acrocoracoid process, which may reflect similar postural activities of the forelimbs not only in paravians, but also in non-avian pennaraptorans.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The m. supracoracoideus of Rhea protracts the humerus and barely elevates it (Novas et al, 2020). In Struthio, this muscle protracts the humerus (Jasinoski et al, 2006), while in neognaths and tinamids this muscle is the main elevator of this bone (Raikow, 1985;Dial, 1992;Suzuki et al, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pectoral girdle of flightless paleognaths was considered the best living analog to compare with the anatomy of extinct paravians (Feduccia, 1986;Novas et al, 2020). We will pay special attention to those morphological traits of flightless paleognaths that look closer to early diverging paravians than to flying avians.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comments on the Morphology of Basal Paravian Shoulder Girdle: New Data Based on Unenlagiid Theropods and Paleognath Birds

et al. 2021

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In 1976 John Ostrom published an enlightening paper about the anatomical transformations in the shoulder girdle and forelimb elements along the origin of birds. Most of his ideas were based on comparing Archaeopteryx lithographica with the extant New World vulture Cathartes aura. Ostrom offered innovative ideas about range of movements and function of wing elements in the basal bird Archaeopteryx. Further, he explored anatomical transformations that may have occurred at early stages of the evolution of flight and established several hypothetical steps toward the acquisition of flapping flight in modern birds. Since then, however, our understanding of paravian diversity and anatomy has increased dramatically. Based on novel information derived from recent experiments, and currently available anatomical evidence of basal paravians, the present paper aims to review some important topics on pectoral girdle anatomy related to flight origins. Further, a brief analysis of pectoral girdle osteology and myology of the extant paleognath Rhea americana is also included with the aim to test whether Ostrom’s ideas still remain valid under this new context, based on available phylogenetic and anatomical frameworks.

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Section: Origin Of the M Supracoracoideus Pulleysupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Phylogenetic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phylogenetic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comments on the Morphology of Basal Paravian Shoulder Girdle: New Data Based on Unenlagiid Theropods and Paleognath Birds

et al. 2021

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Largest-known fossil penguin provides insight into the early evolution of sphenisciform body size and flipper anatomy

et al. 2023

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Recent fossil discoveries from New Zealand have revealed a remarkably diverse assemblage of Paleocene stem group penguins. Here, we add to this growing record by describing nine new penguin specimens from the late Paleocene (upper Teurian local stage; 55.5–59.5 Ma) Moeraki Formation of the South Island, New Zealand. The largest specimen is assigned to a new species, Kumimanu fordycei n. sp., which may have been the largest penguin ever to have lived. Allometric regressions based on humerus length and humerus proximal width of extant penguins yield mean estimates of a live body mass in the range of 148.0 kg (95% CI: 132.5 kg–165.3 kg) and 159.7 kg (95% CI: 142.6 kg–178.8 kg), respectively, for Kumimanu fordycei. A second new species, Petradyptes stonehousei n. gen. n. sp., is represented by five specimens and was slightly larger than the extant emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri. Two small humeri represent an additional smaller unnamed penguin species. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses recover Kumimanu and Petradyptes crownward of the early Paleocene mainland NZ taxa Waimanu and Muriwaimanu, but stemward of the Chatham Island taxon Kupoupou. These analyses differ, however, in the placement of these two taxa relative to Sequiwaimanu, Crossvallia, and Kaiika. The massive size and placement of Kumimanu fordycei close to the root of the penguin tree provide additional support for a scenario in which penguins reached the upper limit of sphenisciform body size very early in their evolutionary history, while still retaining numerous plesiomorphic features of the flipper. UUID: https://zoobank.org/15b1d5b2-a5a0-4aa5-ba0a-8ef3b8461730

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Supplemental Material for 'Pennaraptoran theropod dinosaurs : past progress and new frontiers. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 440)'

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Comments on the Morphology of Basal Paravian Shoulder Girdle: New Data Based on Unenlagiid Theropods and Paleognath Birds

Comments on the Morphology of Basal Paravian Shoulder Girdle: New Data Based on Unenlagiid Theropods and Paleognath Birds

Largest-known fossil penguin provides insight into the early evolution of sphenisciform body size and flipper anatomy

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