Supplementary Feeding of Female Reindeer on a Lichen Diet During the Last Part of Pregnancy

Jacobsen, Endre; Bjarghov, R.S.; Skjenneberg, Sven

doi:10.1080/00015128109435305

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Where resources from winter feeding are largely allocated to reproduction rather than somatic growth (e.g., Bårdsen et al , Milner et al ), greater energetic investment in lactation during the summer can lead to lower autumn mass among fed than unfed adult females with fewer or no offspring (Bårdsen et al , van Beest and Milner ). Consequently, offspring of supplementally fed females are often heavier (Table ) because of increased milk yields and higher neonatal growth rates (Jacobsen et al , Smith et al ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates

Milner

Beest

Schmidt³

et al. 2014

Jour. Wild. Mgmt.

142

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Storaas, T. (2014). To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates.Journal of Wildlife Management, 78(8) Large ungulates are keystone species in many ecosystems and are a highly valued natural 47 resource for social, cultural, and economic reasons (Gordon et al. 2004). Many populations have grown over recent decades, causing environmental and socio-economic 49 impacts on wider communities and conservation concerns, as well as density-dependent 50 changes in performance (Côté et al. 2004, Putman et al. 2011. Consequently, conflicts 51 arise between stakeholders who benefit economically from high ungulate numbers (e.g., 52hunters, outfitters, tourism operators) and those faced with the costs of their presence 53(e.g., land managers, conservationists, transport users and operators; Austin et al. 2010). 54Manipulating forage availability through the provision of additional food could 60Wildlife can be fed by humans in many different ways, intentionally (e.g., at 61 feeding stations) and unintentionally (e.g., unprotected agricultural crops and rubbish 62 dumps; Oro et al. 2013, Sorensen et al. 2014. In this review, we focus on the effects of 63 intentional feeding of ungulates, specifically considering supplementary feeding (often 64 called winter feeding) and diversionary, or intercept, feeding used to attract animals away 65 from vulnerable vegetation, livestock, or major traffic arteries (defined fully in 66 Supplemental Material). However, many of the issues raised also apply across a broad 67 range of unintentional but predictable anthropogenic food subsidies (Oro et al. 2013). 68Earlier reviews of the consequences of feeding large herbivores, published a decade or 77 METHODS 78We reviewed articles in the peer-reviewed and, to a lesser extent, grey literature that our search terms resulted in 232 articles. 86We identified 5 major management goals of supplementary and diversionary 87 feeding and considered the intended effects of feeding that would allow these goals to be 88 achieved (Table 1). We also identified commonly perceived unintended or secondary 89 consequences of feeding ( Table S1). 152Among adult females, an effect of feeding is complicated by the strong impact of 153 reproductive status on autumn mass (Cook et al. 2013 and higher neonatal growth rates (Jacobsen et al. 1981, Smith et al. 1997). 160The reproductive rate (number of offspring per adult female in summer or 161 autumn) of supplementally fed herbivores increased in 5/7 studies ( were used (Gundersen et al. 2004, Sahlsten et al. 2010 feeding site users and non-users (van Beest et al. 2010b). 282Of 16 controlled studies, 6 showed diversionary feeding to be effective in 283 reducing damage in the targeted areas, whereas 4 showed a significantly increased 284 impact, opposing the management goal ( we found no studies that formally addressed this ( 379In studies addressing the increased probability of browsing or grazing impacts in 380 response to feeding (4/4 studies; Table 2 and Supplem...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates

Milner

Beest

Schmidt³

et al. 2014

Jour. Wild. Mgmt.

142

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“…Female body condition has not been reported to influence milk composition (Luick et al, 197'4;Jacobsen et al, 1981;Rognmo et al, 1983). Restricted feed during late pregnancy may reduce milk volume (Jacobsen et al, 1981). With the method used (milking after a 4-hour separation of mother and calf) they found a significantly higher milk production 2 weeks postpartum in the group fed supplements during pregnancy.…”

Section: Summer Growth Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small mothers may produce less milk of poorer quality and hence raise calves of smaller body size by 1 Septembet than better fed mothets. Female body condition has not been reported to influence milk composition (Luick et al, 197'4;Jacobsen et al, 1981;Rognmo et al, 1983). Restricted feed during late pregnancy may reduce milk volume (Jacobsen et al, 1981).…”

Section: Summer Growth Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rangifer population ecology: a Scandinavian perspective

Reimers¹

1997

Ran

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Population ecology is concerned with measuring changes in population size and composition, and identifying the causes of these fluctuations. Important driving variables include animal body size and growth rate, and their relationship to reproduction and mortality. Among wild and domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), reproductive performance, calving time, calf birth weight and neonatal mortality are strongly correlated to maternal weight. Heavy females enjoy higher pregnancy rates, calve earlier, and give birth to heavier calves which have a higher neonatal survival rate than light females. Most studies indicate that both weaning weight of a calf and mature body weight correlate to its birth weight. Calf body weight and composition influence the rate of attainment of sexual maturity. Females which breed as calves suffer reduced growth and give birth to smaller calves, which suffer higher neonatal mortality and lower rates of postnatal growth. A yet unresolved question is whether reindeer body weight, and hence reproductive performance and neonatal mortality, are more strongly influenced by winter than by summer grazing conditions. This paper reviews population ecology studies on wild and domestic reindeer and promotes the view that body size in Rangifer is determined primarily by grazing conditions during the summer

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“…The nutritional aspects relating to this difference is discussed in Reimers et al (1983). Jacobsen et al (1981), Rognmo et al (1983), Skogland (1984), Eloranta & Nieminen (1986) and Lenvik & Aune (1988) found that calves from undernourished reindeer were born smaller and suffered higher neonatal mortality than those from mothers in prime condition. The effect of calf birth weight may extend beyond the neonatal stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calving time and foetus growth among wild reindeer in Norway

Reimers

2002

Ran

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Mean calving dates among 7 wild reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) herds in southern Norway varied between the 6th and the 27th of May. Ln transformed foetus weights relate linearly to ln age in days. Regression analyzes based upon 225 days pregnancy predicts birth wet weights between 4600 and 7500 g in the different areas and years. At 130 days, foetus weights varied between 547 and 746 g (x=681, standard deviation s=63) in all areas and years, indicating that foetus growth up to this size is independent of mothers body weight or condition. During the remaining 95 days of pregnancy, very poor body condition, reflected in dressed weights, resulted in slower foetus growth and smaller regression estimated birth weights. The foetus weight variation recorded at similar dates within areas and sampling years indicates a dispersed breeding time mostly within two ovulations. A small sample of foetuses from pregnant yearlings and calves indicate that these cohorts conceive later than 2 yr + females. Assuming similar foetus growth pattern among all female age cohorts within areas, yearlings conceive around 1 week later and calves (in Ottadalen) more than 3 weeks later than 2 + yr olds.

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Supplementary Feeding of Female Reindeer on a Lichen Diet During the Last Part of Pregnancy

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates

To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates

Rangifer population ecology: a Scandinavian perspective

Calving time and foetus growth among wild reindeer in Norway

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