“…Understanding of current emissions (Martin et al, 2006), the performance of chemical transport models (Zyrichidou et al, 2009;Huijnen et al, 2010, and references therein) and changes in anthropogenic emissions (Stavrakou et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2012) have been studied using satellite retrieved NO 2 columns. Observations of NO 2 (Johansson et al, 2009;Wagner et al, 2010;Constantin et al, 2013) using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique (Noxon, 1975;Solomon et al, 1987) have been reported at various locations around the world and in several cases have been used for retrieving vertical profiles of atmospheric NO 2 and also for validating satellite observations (Hönninger et al, 2004;Frieß et al, 2006;Wagner et al, 2011;Hendrick et al, 2014).…”