Supplementation and delivery of n−3 fatty acids through spray‐dried milk reduce serum and liver lipids in rats

Abstract

Indian diets comprising staples such as cereals, millets, and pulses provide 4.8 energy % from linoleic acid (18:2n-6) but fail to deliver adequate amounts of n-3 FA. Consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFA such as EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) is restricted to those who consume fish. The majority of the Indian population, however, are vegetarians needing additional dietary sources of n-3 PUFA. The present work was designed to use n-3 FA-enriched spray-dried milk powder to provide n-3 FA. Whole milk was supplemented with linseed oil to provide alpha-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), with fish oil to provide EPA and DHA, or with groundnut oil (GNO), which is devoid of n-3 PUFA, and then spray-dried. Male Wistar rats were fed the spray-dried milk formulations for 60 d. The rats given formulations containing n-3 FA showed significant increases (P < 0.001) in the levels of LNA or EPA/DHA in the serum and in tissue lipids as compared with those fed the GNO control formulation. Rats fed formulations containing n-3 FA had 30-35% lower levels of serum total cholesterol and 25-30% lower levels of serum TAG than control animals. Total cholesterol and TAG in the livers of rats fed the formulations containing n-3 FA were lower by 18-30% and 11-18%, respectively, compared with control animals. This study showed that spray-dried milk formulations supplemented with n-3 FA are an effective means of improving dietary n-3 FA intake, which may decrease the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease.

Modification of Serum and Tissue Lipids in Rats Fed With Blended and Interesterified Oils Containing Groundnut Oil With Linseed Oil

“…Adipose tissue accumulated high levels of ALA from dietary lipids but it was not converted to EPA or DHA. These results are in agreement with earlier reports (Ramaprasad et al . 2004), where it was shown that rats given diet containing 25% ALA accumulated ALA to an extent of 12% of the total fatty acids in adipose tissue, but it was not converted to EPA and DHA.…”

“…The arachidonic acid is a product of D 6 and D 5 desaturation and elongation of 18:2 w-6, while 18:3 w-3 is elongated and desaturated to EPA and DHA. The ability of 18:3 w-3 to reduce the level of 18:2 w-6 and 20:4 w-6 has been recorded in earlier studies (Ramaprasad et al 2004). Our current study and that of Ramaprasad et al (2010) that ALA from the diet was taken up and marginally converted to longchain omega-3 fatty acids in serum and liver.…”

“…The arachidonic acid is a product of Δ 6 and Δ 5 desaturation and elongation of 18:2 ω‐6, while 18:3 ω‐3 is elongated and desaturated to EPA and DHA. The ability of 18:3 ω‐3 to reduce the level of 18:2 ω‐6 and 20:4 ω‐6 has been recorded in earlier studies (Ramaprasad et al . 2004).…”

Vegetable oil blends with α-linolenic acid rich Garden cress oil modulate lipid metabolism in experimental rats

“…GCO, when fed as the sole source of lipid in the diet showed relatively higher hypolipidemic effect compared to GCO blended oils with other vegetable oils. Reduced serum TG levels were reported in rats fed with ALA rich vegetable oils viz., chia oil (Ayerza & Coates, 2007), perilla oil (Kim, Choi, & Choi, 2004) and linseed oil (Ramaprasad, Baskaran, Sambaiah, & Lokesh, 2004). RBO and SESO blends with GCO showed relatively more hypolipidemic effect than SFO blended oil because of combined effect of ALA and other minor components such as ozyanol present in RBO, sesamol, sesamin and sesamolin present in SESO and high tocols present in GCO compared to other blended oils.…”

Antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes status of rats fed on n-3 PUFA rich Garden cress (Lepidium Sativum L) seed oil and its blended oils

“…Most of the vegetable oils that are being consumed are rich in n-6 PUFAs and deficient in n-3 PUFAs with the n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio of 50:1. In order to increase n-3 PUFA levels in diet, linseed oil and fish oil are supplemented in milk based formulations (Ramaprasad et al 2004) and blending of α-linolenic acid (ALA 18:3) rich oils with edible vegetable oils are being attempted (Umesha and Naidu 2012). However, n-3 PUFAs are highly unsaturated, susceptible to autoxidation under aerobic conditions (Fritsche and Johnston 1988), cause an increase in oxidative stress through ROS production (Costabile et al 2005) and also ameliorate antioxidant defense system (Venkatraman and Pinnavaia 1998).…”