Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention

Nantz, Meri P.; Rowe, Cheryl A.; Muller, Catherine E.; Creasy, Rebecca; Stanilka, Joy M; Percival, Susan S.

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.019

Cited by 107 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…cd T cells seem particularly responsive to certain nutrient properties found in various food and supplement products, especially those with high antioxidant values (Table 4). 69,[118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127] In a double-blind placebocontrolled randomized control trial, capsules containing fruit and vegetable concentrate (containing, among other compounds, standardized levels of b-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate and calcium) were given to law school students, taken as a representative of young adults living with modern day stresses, over a period of 11 weeks. 128 cd T cells were found to be specifically increased (by about 30%; no change in circulating ab T cells) in parallel to an increase in the antioxidant capacity of the study subjects, and in vitro analyses showed that this effect was associated with a more tempered inflammatory response upon phorbal myristate acetate stimulation.…”

Section: Defined By Experiences Tainted By Innate Tendenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One strategy that cd T cells use to fulfill the complex nature of their task is to creatively merge the instincts of Heat-treated mistletoe 125 Plant tannins; procyanidins (e.g. from unripe apple peels) 121,122,129 Polysaccharides from Acai berry and Yamoa 119,120 Concord grape juice and fruit/vegetable concentrate 126,128 Aged garlic 124 Biography of human cd T cells S Kalyan and D Kabelitz 26 the innate with the diversity of the adaptive immune systems. Thus, some of the antigens that they recognize are evolutionarily shared by the self and non-self and their subsequent response is contextually guided by the level of distress that they sense from within-often in the context of the contingent presence of other damage-associated molecular patterns.…”

Section: Epiloguementioning

confidence: 99%

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Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketch of the highly empathetic

2012

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The elusive task of defining the character of cd T cells has been an evolving process for immunologists since stumbling upon their existence during the molecular characterization of the a and b T cell receptor genes of their better understood brethren. Defying the categorical rules used to distinctly characterize lymphocytes as either innate or adaptive in nature, cd T cells inhabit a hybrid world of their own. At opposing ends of the simplified spectrum of modes of antigen recognition used by lymphocytes, natural killer and ab T cells are particularly well equipped to respond to the 'missing self' and the 'dangerous non-self', respectively. However, between these two reductive extremes, we are chronically faced with the challenge of making peace with the 'safe non-self' and dealing with the inevitable 'distressed self', and it is within this more complex realm cd T cells excel thanks to their highly empathetic nature. This review gives an overview of the latest insights revealing the unfolding story of human cd T cells, providing a biographical sketch of these unique lymphocytes in an attempt to capture the essence of their fundamental nature and events that influence their life trajectory. What hangs in their balance is their nuanced ability to differentiate the friends from the foe and the pathological from the benign to help us adapt swiftly and efficiently to life's many stresses. Keywords: antigen recognition; danger-associated molecular patterns; gamma delta T cell subsets; immune homeostasis; innate immunity; stress response PROLOGUE Since the time of their accidental discovery during the molecular characterization of the a and b T cell receptor (TCR) genes belonging to their relatively unambiguous brethren, 1 'enigmatic' is still one of the most commonly used adjectives to describe cd T cells. This can be attributed to the fact that these unconventional lymphocytes have thus far been remarkably successful in thwarting most attempts at definition. Much of what we know about T cell biology and function comes from what has been discerned through studies done on ab T cells; however, one thing that is certain is that the majority of the rules governing the lives of ab T cells are surprisingly irrelevant when it comes to understanding the elusive character of cd T cells. Table 1 highlights some of the major differences between these two T cell subsets in humans.Recognition by cd T cells is not typically in the context of classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecules and neither is antigen processing required. 2,3 These observations are corroborated by the fact that the majority of cd T cells are CD8 and CD4 negative. Crystal structure analysis of the cd TCR determined that the length and conformation of cd TCR resemble immunoglobulins (Ig) more than the ab TCR, which was taken to suggest that antigen recognition by cd T cells may be more similar to the binding of antibody to antigen rather than the MHC/peptide complex recognized by ab T cells. 4 The very basis of foreign antigen rec...

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Section: Defined By Experiences Tainted By Innate Tendenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epiloguementioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketch of the highly empathetic

2012

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“…Garlic has been reported to exhibit extensive biological activities (Butt et al 2009;Santhosha et al 2013;Suleria et al 2015), including antioxidant (Capasso 2013), antifatigue (Morihara et al 2007), anticancer (Nicastro et al 2015), and antimicrobial (Lanzotti et al 2014) activities. Garlic may also have a positive role in immunonutrition (Nantz et al 2012) and help prevent cardiovascular diseases (Castro et al 2010;Rahman 2007a). The main bioactive components in garlic are organosulfur compounds (Yun et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An LC-MS/MS-SRM Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Four Representative Organosulfur Compounds in Garlic Products

Zhu

Kakino²,

Nogami

et al. 2016

Food Anal. Methods

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The quantitative analysis of organosulfur compounds is important for the quality control of various garlic products along with studying their molecular functionality and nutraceutical properties. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring (LC-MS/MS-SRM) method with electrospray ionization detection was developed and validated for the rapid, simultaneous quantification of four representative organosulfur compounds in garlic: alliin, S-allyl-L-cysteine, γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine, and allicin. Stable SRM transitions were achieved for these compounds under optimized conditions, and the linear range extended from 1 to 2000 ng/ mL. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.003 to 0.058 ng/mL and from 0.01 to 0.19 ng/mL, respectively. Excellent recovery and reproducibility at different spiking levels were achieved. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous quantification of organosulfur compounds in fresh garlic samples. This highly selective and sensitive LC-MS/MS-SRM method is expected to be a useful tool for studying molecular functionality and the quality control of garlic products.

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“…Hoy en día existen dos técnicas basadas en el tiempo de maceración, la primera, denominada extracción añeja de ajo (EAA) en un tiempo aproximado de 20 meses a temperatura ambiente, ha sido utilizada en diversos estudios (13)(14)(15)(16) ; y la segunda técnica, denominada fermentación espontanea a corto plazo (FECP) en un tiempo de 40 días bajo 60-70 °C (17)(18) . Ambas técnicas se basan en la descomposición que sufren los órganos sulfurados del ajo, como la aliina (compuesto de aminoácidos azufrados) que al ser triturado se transforma por la alicinasa en alicina, este inestable componente se descompone en s-alil-cisteína (SAC) al ser ingerido, además la reacción tiene como subproducto el ácido pirúvico.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Efecto hipotensor del extracto de ajo (Allium sativum) macerado por 18 semanas en un modelo experimental in vivo

Chaupis-Meza

Rojas

Gasco

et al. 2014

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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Objetivos. Determinar si el extracto de ajo (Allium sativum) macerado por 18 semanas tiene igual o mejor efecto hipotensor que el captopril en ratas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio experimental in vivo con ratas machos Holtzman, clasificados en cinco grupos: 100, 500 y 1000 mg/kg de extracto de ajo, Captopril de 100 mg/kg y un grupo vehículo. El L-NAME (N-G -nitro L-arginina-metil-éster) administrado vía intraperitoneal 50 mg/kg desde el inicio del experimento, elevó la presión arterial desde el tercer día. El análisis estadístico consistió en las pruebas T de Student para medias pareadas, ANOVA y comparación múltiple de Scheffe. Resultados. El ajo macerado extraído por un proceso hidroalcohólico durante 18 semanas provocó una disminución de la presión arterial en animales de experimentación. El análisis de los tratamientos sobre la presión arterial media (PAM), obtuvieron diferencias significativas desde el tercer día. La comparación sobre la PAM final versus PAM basal (medias no diferentes) y el efecto hipotensor (%) fueron: ajo-100 (p=0,008), 59,8%; ajo-500 (p=0,021), 80,6%; ajo-1000 (p=0,034), 88,5%, Captopril (p=0,437), 99,9% y vehículo (p=0,001), 0%. Conclusiones. El ajo macerado a un periodo de 18 semanas resultó eficaz para producir un efecto hipotensor en ratas, inducidas a hipertensión arterial por L-NAME. Palabras clave: Ajo; Compuestos fenólicos; Enfermedad crónica; Hipertensión; Ratas; L-NAME (fuente: DeCS/BIREME). HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF EXTRACT OF MACERATED GARLIC (Allium sativum) FOR 18 WEEKS IN AN IN VIVO EXPERIMENTAL MODEL ABSTRACTObjectives. Determine whether macerated extract of garlic (Allium sativum) for 18 weeks is equal to or better than Captopril in its hypotensive effect in rats. Materials and methods. We performed an experimental in vivo study with Holtzman male rats divided into five groups using 100, 500 and 1,000 mg kg of garlic extract, Captopril 100 mg/kg and a vehicle group. 50 mg/kg L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) was administered intraperitoneally which elevated blood pressure after the third day. Statistical analysis consisted of Student's t-test for paired means, ANOVA and Scheffe multiple comparison. Results. The macerated garlic extracted by a hydroalcoholic process administered for 18 weeks resulted in a decrease in blood pressure in experimental animals. In the analysis of treatments on mean arterial pressure (MAP), significant differences were obtained after the third day. The comparison of the MAP final versus MAP basal (no difference in averages) and the hypotensive effect (%) were: garlic-100 (p=0.008), 59.8%; ajo-500 (p=0.021), 80.6%; garlic-1000 (p=0.034), 88.5%; captopril (p=0.437), 99.9%; and vehicle-only (p=0.001), 0%. Conclusions. The macerated garlic given for an 18-week period effectively produced a hypotensive effect in rats with hypertension induced by L-NAME.

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Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and γδ-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention

Cited by 107 publications

References 35 publications

Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketch of the highly empathetic

Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketch of the highly empathetic

An LC-MS/MS-SRM Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Four Representative Organosulfur Compounds in Garlic Products

Efecto hipotensor del extracto de ajo (Allium sativum) macerado por 18 semanas en un modelo experimental in vivo

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