“…To summarise, "[m]odularity in product designs allows the decoupling of the processes for developing new products, with stipulated platform architecture interface rules governing compatibility whilst "enabling those processes to become concurrent, autonomous and distributed," among the ecosystem complementor firms, making possible the adoption of modular business model designs (Sanchez, 1996, p121). Case analysis is a method used for explaining the concepts and expressing them through any suitable methods in social science research (Faizan & Haque, 2019;Ślusarczyk & Haque, 2019;Gusakov, Haque, & Jogia, 2020;Haque, Sher, & Urbański, 2020;Haque, Yamoah, & Sroka, 2020;Kot, Haque, & Baloch, 2020;Rahman et al, 2020;Ślusarczyk et al, 2020;.…”