Supported and unsupported breast displacement in three dimensions across treadmill activity levels

Scurr, Joanna; White, Jennifer; Hedger, Wendy

doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.521944

Cited by 94 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This is in concordance with previous research that shows larger breasts require greater support (Gehlsen and Albohm 1980;Lorentzen and Lawson 1987) and that bra fitting with larger cup sizes can be more troublesome than smaller cup sizes (Greenbaum et al 2003). From a fundamental perspective, inter-cup size differences indicate that breast support research should assess women of different cup sizes separately, as recent research has adopted (Scurr et al 2011), due to the different support requirements and perceived importance of breast support. Interestingly, external factors did not correlate with the participant characteristics assessed (Table 3), suggesting no change in the importance of a woman's silhouette, appearance in clothes, breast lift or breast shape with changing bra size, age, HRT use or parity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

The influence of ageing on bra preferences and self-perception of breasts among mature women

et al. 2014

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The ageing process has both psychological and physiological effects on women, and tactical choices are often made regarding beauty interventions to mask the outward signs of increasing age. The bra is believed to counteract the negative effects of ageing on the breast and alter the perceptions of one's body. Due to the profound anatomical changes to the breast with increasing age, this paper aimed to examine the influence of ageing on women's perceptions of their breasts and their bra preferences. 208 women aged 45-65 years were surveyed about their breasts, their bras and how they felt ageing may have influenced these. The findings showed 80 % of women surveyed had noticed a significant change in their breasts with ageing, just 7 % of the women surveyed were still proud of their breasts and 84 % of women dressed to look younger. Further, over 50 % of respondents would now not wear the bra they had worn in their twenties, indicating a change in bra preferences with age. The bra variables of primary importance to participants were: comfort, the bra's ability to stay in place, optimal fit, appearance under clothing, support, discreetness, shoulder strap design, silhouette, breast shape, fabric and breast lift. These variables are perceived as being influential in the appropriateness of the bra and its social role for mature women; therefore, it is these bra variables that should be the focus of subsequent research regarding the optimisation of bras for women aged 45-65 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

The influence of ageing on bra preferences and self-perception of breasts among mature women

et al. 2014

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“…When no bra was used, markers were positioned on the right nipple, and the suprasternal notch (the junction of the sternum and the clavicles). When a bra was worn, the nipple marker was repositioned on the bra over the nipple with the assumption that there was no relative motion between the bra surface and the skin [6,[19][20][21][22][23]. The global coordinate system was defined with respect to the laboratory with the positive vertical coordinate in the upward direction and co-ordinates were measured to an accuracy of ±0.25 mm.…”

Section: Laboratory Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method to estimate strain in the breast during exercise

Haake

Scurr

2011

Sports Eng

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The purpose of this study was to determine a way of estimating the strain of the breast during exercise and to enable an engineering analysis of breast motion. Three participants exercised on a treadmill wearing a sports bra, an everyday bra or no bra and the motion of the body and the nipple were recorded using a 200 Hz passive marker motion capture system. Each participant also performed a breast drop test to determine the neutral position of the nipple; this allowed strains to be estimated from the point when nipple acceleration was approximately that due to gravity. Wearing any bra reduced the strain at the nipple by lifting the breast mass up towards the neutral position where the skin of the breast was neither in tension nor in compression. Non-linearities in strain occurred during the downward phase of running at strain values exceeding the static value at up to 70% strain; these were consistent with the previous studies on skin. It was postulated that comfort scores might be related to elements of the accelerationstrain curve and that nipple motion causing strain beyond static strain might be an important parameter in understanding breast pain.

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“…Multiplanar breast kinematics research during running has identified that the greatest magnitude of breast displacement occurs superioinferiorly (Scurr, White, & Hedger, 2009 and that sports bra design should aim to predominantly reduce breast displacement in this direction (Scurr et al, 2011). However, these recommendations are based on the analysis of breast kinematics from only one breast.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…During physical activities such as running, breast mass asymmetry may result in different kinematics for each breast based on the same driving force of the trunk. A single breast (left; Zhou, Yu, & Ng, 2012b;right;Bridgman, Scurr, White, Hedger, & Galbraith, 2010;White, Scurr, & Smith, 2009) is commonly used to make recommendations on improvements to breast support design (Zhou et al, 2012a) and to investigate the effect of breast support levels on breast kinematics and exercise-induced breast pain (Bridgman et al, 2010;Scurr et al, 2010;White et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast motion asymmetry during running

Mills

Risius

Scurr

2014

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Breast asymmetry is common in females, despite a similar driving force; dynamic activity may result in asymmetrical breast motion. This preliminary study investigated how breast categorisation (left/right or dominant/non-dominant) may affect breast support recommendations and its relationship with breast pain. Ten females ran on a treadmill at 10 kph in three breast supports (no bra, everyday bra, sports bra). Five reflective markers on the thorax and nipples were tracked using infrared cameras (200 Hz) during five running gait cycles in each breast support. Multiplanar displacements of both breasts were calculated relative to the thorax. Although the maximum individual participant difference was 2.4 cm (mediolaterally) between the left and right breast, no left/right differences were found in any direction or support condition. Notably, correlations between breast pain and anterioposterior breast displacement were stronger with the left breast (r = 0.614) and moderate with the right breast (r = 0.456). Following participant categorisation according to the greatest magnitude of superioinferior breast displacement (dominant breast), results showed significant differences in displacement for all directions across different breast supports. When using breast kinematic data to examine relationships with breast pain or to recommend breast support requirements, data on both breasts should be collected.

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Supported and unsupported breast displacement in three dimensions across treadmill activity levels

Cited by 94 publications

References 14 publications

The influence of ageing on bra preferences and self-perception of breasts among mature women

The influence of ageing on bra preferences and self-perception of breasts among mature women

A method to estimate strain in the breast during exercise

Breast motion asymmetry during running

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