“…Synthetic dyes such as ruthenium, osmium, and other metal complex-based dyes were reported as the most stable and effective for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) (Dhonde et al, 2022;Huang et al, 2018). However, synthetic dyes have drawbacks in complex chemical processes, not environmentally friendly or toxic, limited availability, and expensive fabrication (Alkali et al, 2022;Mejica et al, 2022;Yadav et al, 2023). Therefore, we need a sensitizer that is abundantly available, easy to extract, friendly to the environment, and simple and inexpensive to fabricate (Adedokun et al, 2021;Oladeji et al, 2022;Yadav et al, 2023).…”