Suppressing self-discharge of Li–B/CoS<sub>2</sub> thermal batteries by using a carbon-coated CoS<sub>2</sub> cathode

Xie, Youlong; Liu, Zhijian; Ning, Huilong; Huang, Haifeng; Chen, Libao

doi:10.1039/c7ra13071f

Cited by 49 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Apart from the preparation mode, developing new materials via coating, doping, or alloying strategies is an effective means for improving the performance of a thermal battery cathode. 10,11,15,29,30,34 However, the carbon coating significantly prolongs the activation time of the thermal battery (the nongraphite amorphous carbon layer hinders the intercalation of Li + ). 17 Therefore, the specific energy of the thermal battery is highly increased using the alloyed cathode.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt-Doped NiS₂ Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Guo

Tang

Tian

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Transition-metal sulfides are key cathode materials for thermal batteries used in military applications. However, it is still a big challenge to prepare sulfides with good electronic conductivity and thermal stability. Herein, we rapidly synthesized a Co-doped NiS2 micro/nanostructure using a hydrothermal method. We found that the specific capacity of the Ni1–x Co x S2 micro/nanostructure increases with the amount of Co doping. Under a current density of 100 mA cm–2, the specific capacity of Ni0.5Co0.5S2 was about 1565.2 As g–1 (434.8 mAh g–1) with a cutoff voltage of 1.5 V. Owing to the small polarization impedance (5 mΩ), the pulse voltage reaches about 1.74 V under a pulse current of 2.5 A cm–2, 30 ms. Additionally, the discharge mechanism was proposed by analyzing the discharge product according to the anionic redox chemistry. Furthermore, a 3.9 kg full thermal battery is assembled based on the synthesized Ni0.5Co0.5S2 cathode materials. Notably, the full thermal battery discharges at a current density of 100 mA cm–2, with an operating time of about 4000 s, enabling a high specific energy density of around 142.5 Wh kg–1. In summary, this work presents an effective cathode material for thermal battery with high specific energy and long operating life.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt-Doped NiS₂ Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Guo

Tang

Tian

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Therefore, it can be inferred that there may be spherical, cubic, octahedral, prismatic and plate-like CoS 2 crystals in the growth of CoS 2 . CoS 2 octahedron can be prepared by hydrothermal synthesis according to our previous results [ 8 , 32 ]. Other CoS 2 crystals with different morphologies were also confirmed by experiments, the spherical by Wang's group [ 33 ], flakes obtained by a simple chemical bath deposition (CBD) method [ 34 ] and prisms by prismatic Co-precursors [ 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, CoS 2 is one of the ideal cathode materials in thermal batteries with both high power and high energy output capacity [ 8 ]. For recent years, there has been considerable interest in investigating the synthesis and characterization of CoS 2 , and a number of different morphologies have been obtained, such as cubic, octahedron, and hollow microspheres [ 7 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation on surface energy and electronic properties of CoS ₂

et al. 2020

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Density functional theory was employed to investigate the (111), (200), (210), (211) and (220) surfaces of CoS 2 . The surface energies were calculated with a sulfur environment using first-principle-based thermodynamics. It is founded that surfaces with metal atoms at their outermost layer have higher energy. The stoichiometric (220) surface terminated by two layer of sulfur atoms is most stable under the sulfur-rich condition, while the non-stoichiometric (211) surface terminated by a layer of Co atoms has the lower energy under the sulfur-poor environment. The electric structure results show that the front valence electrons of (200) surface are active, indicating that there may be some active sites on this face. There is an energy gap between the stoichiometric (220) and (211), which has low Fermi energy, indicating that their electronic structures are dynamically stable. Spin-polarized bands are calculated on the stoichiometric surfaces, and these two (200) and (210) surfaces are predicted to be noticeably spin-polarized. The Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harker (BFDH) method is adopted to predict crystal growth habit. The results show that the most important crystal planes for the CoS 2 crystal growth are (111) and (200) planes, and the macroscopic morphology of CoS 2 crystal may be spherical, cubic, octahedral, prismatic or plate-shaped, which have been verified by experiments.

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“…The decomposition temperature of C@CoS 2 was 610°C, which was 200°C higher than that of CoS 2 nanocrystal ( Masset and Guidotti, 2008a ). Xie used carbon-coated CoS 2 as the cathode to inhibit the higher self-discharge rate in the Li-B/CoS 2 system ( Xie et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Transition Metal Sulfidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments of Cathode Materials for Thermal Batteries

Guo

Qian

2022

Front. Chem.

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Big progress has been made in batteries based on an intercalation mechanism in the last 20 years, but limited capacity in batteries hinders their further increase in energy density. The demand for more energy intensity makes research communities turn to conversion-type batteries. Thermal batteries are a special kind of conversion-type battery, which are thermally activated primary batteries composed mainly of cathode, anode, separator (electrolyte), and heating mass. Such kinds of battery employ an internal pyrotechnic source to make the battery stack reach its operating temperature. Thermal batteries have a long history of research and usage in military fields because of their high specific capacity, high specific energy, high thermal stability, long shelf life, and fast activation. These experiences and knowledge are of vital importance for the development of conversion-type batteries. This review provides a comprehensive account of recent studies on cathode materials. The paper covers the preparation, characterization of various cathode materials, and the performance test of thermal batteries. These advances have significant implications for the development of high-performance, low-cost, and mass production conversion-type batteries in the near future.

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Suppressing self-discharge of Li–B/CoS₂ thermal batteries by using a carbon-coated CoS₂ cathode

Abstract: Suppressing self-discharge of Li–B/CoS2 thermal batteries through modifying the CoS2 cathode with a protective carbon coating layer.

Cited by 49 publications

References 33 publications

Cobalt-Doped NiS₂ Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Cobalt-Doped NiS₂ Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Calculation on surface energy and electronic properties of CoS ₂

Recent Developments of Cathode Materials for Thermal Batteries

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Suppressing self-discharge of Li–B/CoS2 thermal batteries by using a carbon-coated CoS2 cathode

Abstract: Suppressing self-discharge of Li–B/CoS2 thermal batteries through modifying the CoS2 cathode with a protective carbon coating layer.

Cited by 49 publications

References 33 publications

Cobalt-Doped NiS2 Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Cobalt-Doped NiS2 Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Calculation on surface energy and electronic properties of CoS 2

Recent Developments of Cathode Materials for Thermal Batteries

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Suppressing self-discharge of Li–B/CoS₂ thermal batteries by using a carbon-coated CoS₂ cathode

Cobalt-Doped NiS₂ Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Cobalt-Doped NiS₂ Micro/Nanostructures with Complete Solid Solubility as High-Performance Cathode Materials for Actual High-Specific-Energy Thermal Batteries

Calculation on surface energy and electronic properties of CoS ₂