Suppression of immunity by some pesticides, xenobiotics, and industrial chemicals. <i>In vitro</i> model

Abstract

In recent years, attention has focused on suppression of immunity in immunocompromised patients. The definition of immunocompromise is impairment of the immune system caused by a disease or treatment. In addition to disease and treatment, other factors such as exposure to pesticides or toxic chemicals can damage the immune system. An in vitro test was used to assess the ability of monochloroacetic acid (MCA) (CAS number 79-11-8), dichloroacetic acid (DCA) (CAS number 79-43-6), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (CAS number 76-03-9), and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid sodium salt (2,2-DCPANa, Dalapon) (CAS number 127-20-8) to suppress bacteriolysis by hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). The system for bacteriolysis of Gram-negative bacteria Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Pasteurella in Tris-maleate buffer supplemented with EDTA and HEWL developed by Brondz et al. [1-4] was used to monitor bacteriolysis of Gramnegative bacteria in the Actinobacillus-Haemophilus-Pasteurella group. The halogenated acetic acid DCA is produced as a toxic artifact of the degradation of TCA and by disinfection of drinking and pool water and industrial waste. Nearly all humans consume DCA in drinking water during their lifetime; the concentration of DCA in drinking water can be higher than that associated with the upper-bound excess lifetime cancer risk of 10-4 (40 g/L) [5]. Lysozyme found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and excretions from all mucous membranes can break down the cell walls of bacteria and destabilize bacterial membranes. Lysozyme is involved in innate (nonspecific) immunity; the innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading organisms. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC29522), a Gram-negative bacterium whose primary ecological niche is the respiratory tract and oral cavity, provided the peptidoglycan substrate for HEWL. The optical density (OD) of a standardized suspension of A. actinomycetemcomitans decreased from 100% (OD 0.6 at 540 nm) to 23.5% after exposure to EDTA/HEWL for 50 min. After 50 min of exposure to 10.0 mg/mL of MCA, DCA, TCA, or 2,2-DCPANa as a supplement, EDTA/HEWL-induced lysis of A. actinomycetemcomitans decreased to 66.3%, 66.8%, 65.7%, and 73.6%, respectively. The aim of the presented study was the development of a model for measuring possible immunotoxic effects of chemicals, degradation products, xenobiotics and metabolites by these chemicals on the immune system. The method used is an in vitro bacteriolysis of Gramnegative bacterium induced by HEWL, described previously [1-4]. In the present study, several halogenated acids, MCA, DCA, and TCA, and the Na salt of 2,2-DCPA, exhibited immunosuppressive activity. The ability of MCA, DCA, TCA, and 2,2-DCPANa (Dalapon) to suppress HEWL induced bacteriolysis was demonstrated in vitro document.

One-Step Procedure for Direct Purification of Pediocin-Like Bacteriocins and Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides from Complex Culture Medium on an Analytical, Semipreparative, and Preparative Scale. A New Type of Liquid Chromatography—Colloidal High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (CHPLC)

“…Lysozyme, besides its medical application, is used in the study of the toxicity of pesticides and suppression of immunity by different pesticides [27]. Lysozyme is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that normally catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan, which is the major component of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.…”

“…Lysozyme is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that normally catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan, which is the major component of gram-positive bacterial cell walls. However, it was shown that lysozyme can be active also against gram-negative bacterial cells by hydrolysis of links in LPS if detergents such as synthetic EDTA, or natural taurine or gal acids have been added [27]. Active lysozyme with purity more than 95.5% was isolated in the chromatographic experiment.…”

Review: Can Toxic Substances Initiate Psychotic Behavior? Part II. Organophosphate (OP) Substances with Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Activity

“…The OP pesticides belong to this group of substances. Pesticides often have other unpredicted toxic side effects [8].…”

“…In [8], the suppression of immunity by some pesticides and their equally harmful consequences for human health generally are discussed. Several other chemicals can cause psychosis.…”

Recent enhancement of the immunity in AIDS and other immunocompromised patients by hyperforin an antibiotic from <i>Hypericum perforatum</i> L. (<i>in vitro</i> model) part I

“…Inadequate host defense may result in serious infections, as is sometimes seen in immunocompromised hosts. It is especially important in the case of immunocompromised persons such as those who have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetic persons or those intoxicated by chemicals [18]. Hyperforin is a very powerful antibiotic against the Coccaceae family of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, which contain both antibiotic-sensitive and multiple-antibiotic-resistant species [10].…”