“…The persistent current and its noise has been studied in many papers (e.g., by Büttiker et al [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], Semenov and Zaikin [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ], Moskalates [ 47 ], and, more recently, by Komnik and Langhanke [ 48 ]) using full counting statistics (FCS), as well as in 1D Hubbard rings by exact diagonalization by Saha and Maiti [ 49 ] (see, also, the book by Imry [ 50 ]).…”