Suppression of the Nonlinear Zeeman Effect and Heading Error in Earth-Field-Range Alkali-Vapor Magnetometers

Bao, Guzhi; Wickenbrock, Arne; Rochester, Simon; Zhang, Weiping; Budker, Dmitry

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.120.033202

Cited by 60 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…An alkali atom-based OPM is attractive for its low noise which can reach around fT/ √ Hz (1 fT = 10 −15 T) [20][21][22], and the cryogen-free operation. However, in the Earth's field, alkali atoms based OPMs suffer from the nonlinear Zeeman (NLZ) effect [23][24][25]. The NLZ effect is caused by the nonzero nuclear spin of the alkali atoms and its coupling to the electron spin and as a consequence makes the Zeeman shifts of the atomic energy levels of the ground states become nonlinear dependent of the strength of the magnetic field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Response of Optically Pumped Magnetometer with Nonlinear Zeeman Effect

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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Optically pumped alkali atomic magnetometers based on measuring the Zeeman shifts of the atomic energy levels are widely used in many applications because of their low noise and cryogen-free operation. When alkali atomic magnetometers are operated in an unshielded geomagnetic environment, the nonlinear Zeeman effect may become non-negligible at high latitude and the Zeeman shifts are thus not linear to the strength of the magnetic field. The nonlinear Zeeman effect causes broadening and partial splitting of the magnetic resonant levels, and thus degrades the sensitivity of the alkali atomic magnetometers and causes heading error. In this work, we find that the nonlinear Zeeman effect also influences the frequency response of the alkali atomic magnetometer. We develop a model to quantitatively depict the frequency response of the alkali atomic magnetometer when the nonlinear Zeeman effect is non-negligible and verify the results experimentally in an amplitude-modulated Bell–Bloom cesium magnetometer. The proposed model provides general guidance on analyzing the frequency response of the alkali atomic magnetometer operating in the Earth’s magnetic field. Full and precise knowledge of the frequency response of the atomic magnetometer is important for the optimization of feedback control systems such as the closed-loop magnetometers and the active magnetic field stabilization with magnetometers. This work is thus important for the application of alkali atomic magnetometers in an unshielded geomagnetic environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Response of Optically Pumped Magnetometer with Nonlinear Zeeman Effect

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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“…Elimination the need for a bias field would extend the dynamic range of NV magnetometers to zero field. Zerofield, NV-based magnetometry opens up new application avenues, and makes these versatile, solid-state sensors competitive with other magnetic field sensors such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and alkali-vapor magnetometers [17,18], because, despite the lower sensitivity of NVs, they offer additional benefits due to their small size, high spatial resolution, capability * zheng@uni-mainz.de of operation over large temperature and pressure ranges, and wide bandwidth [2]. The relative simplicity of NVs operated at zero field can readily complement existing sensors in applications such as zero-and ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZULF-NMR) [19,20], tracking field fluctuations in experimental searches for electric dipole moments [21], and magnetoencelography or magnetocardiography [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zero-Field Magnetometry Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles in Diamond

Zheng

Iwata

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. Applied

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Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds are widely utilized for magnetometry, magnetic-field imaging and magnetic-resonance detection. At zero ambient field, Zeeman sublevels in the NV centers lose first-order sensitivity to magnetic fields as they are mixed due to crystal strain or electric fields. In this work, we realize a zero-field (ZF) magnetometer using polarization-selective microwave excitation in a 13 C-depleted crystal sample. We employ circularly polarized microwaves to address specific transitions in the optically detected magnetic resonance and perform magnetometry with a noise floor of 250 pT/ √ Hz. This technique opens the door to practical applications of NV sensors for ZF magnetic sensing, such as ZF nuclear magnetic resonance, and investigation of magnetic fields in biological systems.

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“…Elimination of the need for a bias field would extend the dynamic range of NV-based magnetic sensors to zero field. Zero-field NV magnetometry opens up new application avenues, and makes these versatile, solid-state sensors competitive with other magnetic field probes such as SQUIDs and alkali-vapor magnetometers [64,65], because, despite the lower sensitivity of NVs, they offer additional benefits due to high spatial resolution and small sensor size, capability of being operated over large ranges of pressure and temperature, and wide bandwidth [1]. The relative simplicity of NVs magnetometers can readily complement existing sensors in applications such as tracking field fluctuations in experimental searches for electric dipole moments [66], zero-and ultra lowfield NMR [67,68], and magnetoencelography or magnetocardiography [26,69].…”

Section: Zero-field Magnetometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Magnetic-Sensing Modalities with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Wickenbrock¹,

Chatzidrosos²,

Bougas³

et al. 2021

Engineering Applications of Diamond

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In modern-day quantum metrology, quantum sensors are widely employed to detect weak magnetic fields or nanoscale signals. Quantum devices, exploiting quantum coherence, are inevitably connected to physical constants and can achieve accuracy, repeatability, and precision approaching fundamental limits. As a result, these sensors have shown utility in a wide range of research domains spanning both science and technology. A rapidly emerging quantum sensing platform employs atomic-scale defects in crystals. In particular, magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond has garnered increasing interest. NV systems possess a combination of remarkable properties, optical addressability, long coherence times, and biocompatibility. Sensors based on NV centers excel in spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. These diamond-based sensors promise comparable combination of high spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity without cryogenic operation. The above properties of NV magnetometers promise increasingly integrated quantum measurement technology, as a result, they have been extensively developed with various protocols and find use in numerous applications spanning materials characterization, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), condensed matter physics, paleomagnetism, neuroscience and living systems biology, and industrial vector magnetometry. In this chapter, NV centers are explored for magnetic sensing in a number of contexts. In general, we introduce novel regimes for magnetic-field probes with NV ensembles. Specifically, NV centers are developed for sensitive magnetometers for applications where microwaves (MWs) are prohibitively invasive and operations need to be carried out under zero ambient magnetic field. The primary goal of our discussion is to improve the utility of these NV center-based magnetometers.

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Suppression of the Nonlinear Zeeman Effect and Heading Error in Earth-Field-Range Alkali-Vapor Magnetometers

Cited by 60 publications

References 23 publications

Frequency Response of Optically Pumped Magnetometer with Nonlinear Zeeman Effect

Frequency Response of Optically Pumped Magnetometer with Nonlinear Zeeman Effect

Zero-Field Magnetometry Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles in Diamond

Novel Magnetic-Sensing Modalities with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

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