Supracardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection with Severe Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease

Singh, Sanjeev; Agarwal, Saket; Singh, Saket; Tomar, Akanksha

doi:10.1111/j.1540-8191.2011.01307.x

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Vertical HEV transmissions from mother-to-fetus were reportedly associated with a high neonatal mortality, including premature birth, increased fetal loss and acute hepatitis in the newborns. [123][124][125] For example, vertical HEV transmission was detected in approximately 33% of HEV-infected pregnant women. 124 HEV RNA was reportedly detected in the colostrum of HEV-infected mothers, although breast-feeding appears to be safe for the infants.…”

Section: Other Uncommon Routes Of Hev Transmission Vertical Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic and Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus

2013

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Hepatitis E, an important human disease, is characterized by explosive outbreaks of acute hepatitis in developing countries, and sporadic and cluster cases of hepatitis E in industrialized countries. 1,2 The causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), has been genetically identified from humans and several other animal species including pig, chicken, deer, mongoose, rabbit, rat, ferret, and fish. [3][4][5] The host range and diversity of HEV have been significantly expanded in recent years. Hepatitis E is now a recognized zoonotic disease, and pigs and likely other animal species are reservoirs for HEV (►Fig.1). 5 Direct contact with infected animals and consumption of contaminated animal meat and meat products have been linked to sporadic and cluster cases of acute hepatitis E, thus raising concerns over zoonosis and food safety. 3 Recently, genotype 3 HEV-associated persistent infection has become a significant clinical problem in immunocompromised individuals, 6,7 which further underscores the clinical importance of these zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains. Here the natural history and emerging zoonotic risks of HEV are reviewed with emphases on the zoonotic and foodborne transmissions of the virus and potential strategies to prevent zoonosis and ensure food safety. Hepatitis E Virus NomenclatureHEV belongs to the family Hepeviridae, and according to the 9 th Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 8 currently there is a single genus Hepevirus within the family along with a floating species of avian HEV. Keywords► hepatitis E virus ► HEV ► zoonosis ► foodborne transmission ► zoonotic transmission ► animal reservoirs AbstractHepatitis E is an important disease in many developing countries of Asia and Africa with large explosive outbreaks and is also endemic with sporadic or cluster cases of hepatitis in many industrialized countries. The causative agent, hepatitis E virus (HEV), is currently classified in the family Hepeviridae. Thus far, four putative genera of HEV representing mammalian, avian, and fish species have been identified and characterized worldwide. Within the mammalian HEV that infects humans, genotypes 1 and 2 are associated with epidemics and restricted to humans, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and associated with sporadic and cluster cases of hepatitis E. As a fecal-orally transmitted disease, waterborne transmission is still an important route of HEV transmission especially for large outbreaks associated with genotypes 1 and 2. However, genetic identification of numerous animal strains of HEV and the demonstrated ability of crossspecies infection by these animal strains have significantly broadened the host range and diversity of HEV and raised public health concerns for zoonosis and food safety associated with genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infection. Pigs and likely other animal species serve as reservoirs for HEV. Direct contact with infected pigs and other animals and consumption of contaminated animal meat and meat products pose risks for HEV infection. ...

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