SupraCells: Living Mammalian Cells Protected within Functional Modular Nanoparticle‐Based Exoskeletons

In nature, organisms play an essential role in harnessing elements to produce materials. Being precisely integrated with the biological structures, the materials confer organisms with various unique functions such as protection, recognition guiding, biocatalysis, etc. Inspired by this phenomenon, elaborately designed materials can be grafted to different organisms such as cells, eukaryotes, and viruses via artificial incorporation strategies. Herein, progresses upon the methods and techniques of organism–materials integration are discussed, including spontaneous formation, artificial enhancement, and genetic engineering. The integration of organism and materials can alter the biological behavior and even offer the organism rationally designed functions, facilitating the biological applications of organisms in the field such as vaccine improvement, biomedical therapy, and biomedical imaging. These unique effects achieved by the combination of organisms and materials propose a new strategy for providing precise control over organisms. These promising strategies also offer new perspectives of biology and chemistry development, and show great potential in future biomedical therapy.

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“…Except for MOFs, other nanoparticles such as silica and Fe 3 O 4 can similarly self‐assemble to integrate with cells ( Figure 2 ). [ 27 ]…”

Section: Basic Methods For Organism–materials Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organism–Materials Integration: A Promising Strategy for Biomedical Applications

Cui

Wang

et al. 2020

Advanced NanoBiomed Research

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“…Also some emerging brand new applications of MSNs have been proposed in biomedical fields. For instance, MSNs can be applied as functional modules to construct exoskeletons of living mammalian cells, obtaining “SupraCells” with a broad range of functionalities, such as extremophile properties (e.g., resistance to osmotic stress, reactive oxygen species, pH, and UV exposure), along with abiotic properties like magnetism, conductivity, and multifluorescence [ 120 ] (Figure 7B). We believe that more and more advances will be demonstrated in the near future and bring MSNs on a pathway to clinical trials and eventual use in the clinic.…”

Section: Emerging Bioapplications Of Porous Silica‐based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sol–Gel‐Based Advanced Porous Silica Materials for Biomedical Applications

Lei

Guo

Noureddine

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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164

109

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Porous silica-based materials have burgeoning applications ranging from fillers and additives, to adsorbents, catalysts, and recently therapeutic agents and vaccines in nanomedicine. The preponderance of these materials is made by sol-gel processing wherein soluble silica precursors are reacted to form amorphous networks composed of siloxane bonds. The facile sol-gel approach allows for an unlimited variety of binary tertiary and more complex chemical compositions including organic ligands and networks resulting in so-called organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Here, a brief review of the recent progress in sol-gel-derived silica materials prepared as particles, thin films, biosilica/silica bioreplicas (of molecules, cells and organisms), and their related preparation, properties, and bioapplications is provided. First, it highlights the recent achievements of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications, including therapeutic agent delivery, multimodal imaging and theranostics, and bone tissue engineering and repair. Second, the research in evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA)-based mesostructured silica thin films and cell-directed EISA in bio/nano interfaces for various bioapplications, such as bioactive coatings, biosensing, and living cell immobilization, has been reviewed. Third, the pioneering work in biomimetic silicification/ immobilization of biomolecules and bio-organisms and silica bioreplication of complex bio-organisms is summarized. Finally, it is concluded with personal perspectives on the directions of future work on this field. In 1846, Ebelmen synthesized tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) from SiCl 4 and ethanol and exposed it to water forming a transparent glassy material upon gelation and drying (now recognized to be a microporous xerogel). In 1864, the term "sol-gel" was first proposed by Graham during his work on silica sols. [2] In 1912-1915, Patrick developed an economically viable and rapid sol-gel process to mass-produce silica gel from sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3). And in 1931, Kistler reported the first synthesis of a highly porous silica (SiO 2) form, termed as "aerogel," which was a porous ultralight material derived from hydrolytic polycondensation of silicic acid (Si(OH) 4) to form a gel followed by supercritical drying to avoid drying shrinkage. [3] All of these efforts can be regarded as the beginning of modern sol-gel based silica materials, which are now ripening for wide range of applications, including the two pillars of the chemistry practice (synthesis and analysis), protective coatings, adsorption, chromatography, separation, biotechnology, energy conservation, cultural heritage restoration, and environmental remediation as well as many other fields of contemporary technology. [4] Based on the breakthroughs in synthesis, the recent two decades have witnessed an exponential increase in research of sol-gel-based silica materials for biomedical applications. Silica is inherently compatible with biological systems and was accepted as "Generally Recognized As Saf...

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“…Reproduced with permission. [ 21 ] Copyright 2019, Wiley‐VCH. d) Left: schematic representation of photoresponsive hydrogel formation for selective cell encapsulation and right: viability of Jurkat cells before and after hydrogelation in RPMI 1640 media, 5% SDS solution, and DI water.…”

Section: Dynamic Shellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Very recently, a complexly designed shell‐forming system has been reported that synergistically combined the chemical characteristics of MOF and TA (Figure 3c). [ 21 ] An artificial shell of MOF nanocrystals (MOF‐NCs), such as ZIF‐8, MIL‐100, MET‐3‐Fe, or UiO‐66‐NH 2 , was successfully formed on a living HeLa cell. Similarly to the working mechanism for Fe(III)‐TA‐MOC, the galloyl group of TA could strongly bind with the metal ion of nanocrystals, [ 22 ] and the TA linking of MOF‐NCs prevented the internalization of the nanocrystals into the cells.…”

Section: Dynamic Shellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single‐Cell Nanoencapsulation: From Passive to Active Shells

et al. 2020

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Single‐cell nanoencapsulation is an emerging field in cell‐surface engineering, emphasizing the protection of living cells against external harmful stresses in vitro and in vivo. Inspired by the cryptobiotic state found in nature, cell‐in‐shell structures are formed, which are called artificial spores and which show suppression or retardation in cell growth and division and enhanced cell survival under harsh conditions. The property requirements of the shells suggested for realization of artificial spores, such as durability, permselectivity, degradability, and functionalizability, are demonstrated with various cytocompatible materials and processes. The first‐generation shells in single‐cell nanoencapsulation are passive in the operation mode, and do not biochemically regulate the cellular metabolism or activities. Recent advances indicate that the field has shifted further toward the formation of active shells. Such shells are intimately involved in the regulation and manipulation of biological processes. Not only endowing the cells with new properties that they do not possess in their native forms, active shells also regulate cellular metabolism and/or rewire biological pathways. Recent developments in shell formation for microbial and mammalian cells are discussed and an outlook on the field is given.

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SupraCells: Living Mammalian Cells Protected within Functional Modular Nanoparticle‐Based Exoskeletons

Cited by 114 publications

References 55 publications

Organism–Materials Integration: A Promising Strategy for Biomedical Applications

Organism–Materials Integration: A Promising Strategy for Biomedical Applications

Sol–Gel‐Based Advanced Porous Silica Materials for Biomedical Applications

Single‐Cell Nanoencapsulation: From Passive to Active Shells

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