Supraharmonics in Power Grid: Identification, Standards, and Measurement Techniques

Abstract

In the electric power distribution system, power electronics technologies associated with renewable energy systems (RES) and smart grids have gained growing interest. The power electronics devices are used to convert, control, or transfer electric power from RES to the power grids. However, the continuous increase in switching frequencies resulting from these power electronics technologies has led to the emergence of new emissions in the range of 2-150 kHz, outside the classical frequency range for power quality. These emissions are known worldwide as supraharmonics (SH).These emissions negatively affect the power quality of electrical distribution systems and reduce their efficiency and lifetime. Thus, the supraharmonics emissions have been investigated in the literature, and several methods were developed focusing on identifying, measuring, and setting new standards to mitigate the impact of these emissions on the power quality. Although these individual studies have been well documented, a comparative overview of its identifications, current standards, and measurement techniques had not been described so far. Therefore, this study extensively reviews the related techniques and standards for identifying, measuring, and mitigating SH emissions. Moreover, the current research gap in this important field is highlighted, and an illustration on how this problem was tackled in the past few years is presented. Additionally, the SH characteristics alongside with insights into the mitigations and measurements are highlighted and analyzed accordingly. Finally, some important recommendations to mitigate SH emissions are suggested. This review will hopefully strengthen the efforts toward the development of SH domain by providing the necessary groundwork for further mitigations, standards, and measuring techniques improvement. INDEX TERMS Grid integration; harmonics emissions; high frequency; power quality; renewable energy sources; supraharmonics.

Review of Fast Charging for Electrified Transport: Demand, Technology, Systems, and Planning

“…Very high power DCFCs can lead to superharmonic disturbances on LV and MV grid distribution networks. The main sources of supraharmonics are power electronic converters within the frequency range of 2-150 kHz [149,158]. Supraharmonics have a detrimental impact on power quality in electrical distribution systems [158].…”

“…The main sources of supraharmonics are power electronic converters within the frequency range of 2-150 kHz [149,158]. Supraharmonics have a detrimental impact on power quality in electrical distribution systems [158]. This may lead to additional heating, reduced lifetime, malfunctioning of equipment, tripping of residual current devices, increased capacitive currents and associated safety risks, and protection device and security system failures [11,158].…”

“…Supraharmonics have a detrimental impact on power quality in electrical distribution systems [158]. This may lead to additional heating, reduced lifetime, malfunctioning of equipment, tripping of residual current devices, increased capacitive currents and associated safety risks, and protection device and security system failures [11,158]. Supraharmonics generated by inverters used in renewable energy generation and their negative impacts on distribution grids are discussed in [158].…”

“…This may lead to additional heating, reduced lifetime, malfunctioning of equipment, tripping of residual current devices, increased capacitive currents and associated safety risks, and protection device and security system failures [11,158]. Supraharmonics generated by inverters used in renewable energy generation and their negative impacts on distribution grids are discussed in [158]. Research on the sources and impacts of superharmonic emissions in microgrids, and how the integration of new technologies, such as renewable energy generation and DCFCs, can worsen the negative impacts of supraharmonics in microgrids, is discussed in [11,158].…”

Review of the Estimation Methods of Energy Consumption for Battery Electric Buses

“…However, oil-based fuel remains the most efficient source of energy on a WTT basis, based on current energy production technologies, with an average of 3.82 MJ/km, followed by hydrogen (7 MJ/km) and electricity (11.90 MJ/km). However, when it comes to natural resources and energy security, renewable energy-based power is perhaps the most efficient, and therefore desirable, form of energy [44][45][46]. Based on [8,41], TTW energy consumption is commonly measured in diesel equivalent miles per gallon (mpg) or megajoules per kilometer (MJ/km).…”