Surface analysis of carbon black waste materials from tire residues

Lee, W.H.; Kim, J.Y.; Ko, Young-Kyu; Reucroft, P. J.; Zondlo, John W.

doi:10.1016/s0169-4332(98)00600-x

Cited by 50 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…After subtraction of a nonlinear background from the raw spectra, the peak of each carbon sample was deconvoluted by peak synthesis, which fitted the numerous Gaussian peaks, each with an average full width half maximum (FWHM) value of 0.2 eV and a fixed binding energy, to the measured peaks. 14 The best fit between the measured and the synthesized spectra was obtained by simulating the intensity of each functional component peak using a computer simulation. In addition, the possible functional characteristics of PCB and PCB-PAC were also investigated by the spectra fitting analysis of oxygen and sulfur.…”

Section: Spectra Fitting Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spectra of compounds with large polyaromatic, graphite-like domains on the surface (such as carbon black) have an asymmetric C 1 peak, whereas the peaks of small aromatic compounds (such as coronene, with seven condensed rings) and of aliphatic compounds are symmetrical. 11,14,16,23 Therefore, the asymmetry of the C 1 peak yields information about the polyaromatic character of the sample surface. The most intense signal in the spectra of PCB and PCB-PAC was the C 1 peak.…”

Section: Fitting Of the Carbon Esca Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…COH/COC was the major carbon functional component on the surface of CB p but other functional forms were also present, such as CAO and COO. 14 Moreover, COC was the major carbon functional component on the surface of charcoal obtained by the vacuum pyrolysis of bark. Hardly any nitrogenated content was obtained on the surface of charcoal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A higher concentration of surface oxygen groups on the surface of activated carbon can adsorb more water vapor compared with the activated carbon with a lower concentration of surface oxygen groups. 14 Furthermore, mercury can be captured by bonding to I, Cl, S, or O anionic species on the surfaces of carbonaceous and other sorbents, but only in the form of Hg 2ϩ . 15 X-rays photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), more commonly known as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), has been extensively applied to analyze the surface chemistry and the structure of carbon-based materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Although previous researches, numerous articles, book chapters, and books have been published about the surface chemistry of waste tire-derived carbon black, 12,14 few studies were performed to investigate the variation of the surface functional characteristics of waste tire-derived carbon black before and after steam activation. To further consider the potential application of activated carbon produced from waste tire-derived carbon black, this study analyzed the surface functional characteristics of powdered activated carbon derived from waste tires using ESCA and investigated the variation of carbon black prepared from the pyrolysis of waste tires before and after steam activation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Functional Characteristics (C, O, S) of Waste Tire-Derived Carbon Black before and after Steam Activation

Lin

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2008

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The effects of steam activation on the surface functional characteristics of waste tire-derived carbon black were investigated. Two carbon-based materials, powdered carbon black (PCB) and PCB-derived powdered activated carbon (PCB-PAC), were selected for this study. A stainless steel tubular oven was used to activate the PCB at an activation temperature of 900°C and 1 atm using steam as an activating reagent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was adopted to measure the surface composition and chemical structure of carbon surface. Various elemental spectra (C, O, and S) of each carbon sample were further deconvoluted by peak synthesis. Results showed that the surfaces of PCB and PCB-PAC consisted mainly of COC and COO. The PCB-PAC surface had a higher percentage of oxygenated functional groups (CAO and OOCAO) than PCB. The O 1s spectra show that the oxygen detected on the PCB surface was mainly bonded to carbon (COO), whereas the oxygen on the PCB-PAC surface could be bonded to hydrogen (OOH) and carbon (COO). Sulfur on the surface of PCB consisted of 58.9 wt% zinc sulfide (ZnS) and 41.1 wt% SACAS, whereas that on the surfaces of PCB-PAC consisted mainly of SACAS. Furthermore, the increase of oxygen content from 9.6% (PCB) to 11.9% (PCB-PAC) resulted in the increase of the pH values of PCB-PAC after steam activation.

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Section: Spectra Fitting Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fitting Of the Carbon Esca Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Functional Characteristics (C, O, S) of Waste Tire-Derived Carbon Black before and after Steam Activation

Lin

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2008

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Preparation of Pyrolytic Carbon Black from Scrap Tire Rubber Crumb and Evaluation in New Rubber Compounds

Cataldo¹

2005

Macro Materials & Eng

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Summary: Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) has been prepared by rubber crumb pyrolysis under nitrogen flow at 700 °C. The CBp obtained by this process had an average surface area of 81 m2 · g−1 and was obtained in 43% yield over the starting rubber crumb. Although the CBp surface area can be increased up to 109 m2 · g−1 by washing away the Zn‐ and Si‐based ashes with HF treatment, the CBp was tested in a standard NR/SBR‐based formulation without any purification and ash extraction. CBp was tested at increasing loading levels as partial or full replacement of a standard N339 furnace carbon black. CBp depresses the physical properties of the rubber compound in a way which is directly proportional to the amount added. The reason of this result and the limited reinforcing effect is discussed in terms of low surface area and low structure in comparison to N339 carbon black as well as in terms of low surface activity, the interference of the ashes and the poor dispersion. Ideas of further development works are outlined. magnified image

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Effects of tire‐derived pyrolytic carbon black and pyrolytic heavy oil on the curing and mechanical properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber composites

Paul

Rahaman²,

Ghosh

et al. 2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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To investigate the potential effect of the pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) and pyrolytic heavy oil (HO), we incorporated them into styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) as reinforcing filler and plasticizing agent, respectively. Since the industrial N330 CB's specific surface area and other specifications adhere to the CBp standard, it has been selected as a benchmark. To test HO's applicability, conventional (AO) was substituted with it. We experimented with the N330 and CBp in the 1/1 variant. We examined the impacts on the cure behavior, physical characteristics such as density and hardness, mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, dynamic mechanical performance, and thermal properties of the filled SBR composites. According to field emission (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs, the increased tensile and tear strength is due to N330 black's superior dispersion over CBp in the rubber matrix. Better dispersion in N330 type CB is also justified by lower tan δmax from the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) study. Utilizing HO changes the curing conditions since it comprises more sulfur, which accelerates the formation of sulfur–sulfur cross‐links. Increased tensile and tear strengths, as well as improved dispersion in the rubber matrix, have been seen with the combined use of N330 and CBp. Meanwhile, HO could function well in place of commercially available AOs.Highlights The impact of scrap tires on human health and the environment is explored. Recovered carbon black (CB) from waste tire mixed with styrene‐butadiene rubber in various ratios. Pyrolytic oil is also incorporated to check its reusability in tire formulation. Similar cure characteristics and mechanical strength were found in the composites. Replacement of the conventional CB is proposed with recovered black.

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Surface analysis of carbon black waste materials from tire residues

Cited by 50 publications

References 8 publications

Surface Functional Characteristics (C, O, S) of Waste Tire-Derived Carbon Black before and after Steam Activation

Surface Functional Characteristics (C, O, S) of Waste Tire-Derived Carbon Black before and after Steam Activation

Preparation of Pyrolytic Carbon Black from Scrap Tire Rubber Crumb and Evaluation in New Rubber Compounds

Effects of tire‐derived pyrolytic carbon black and pyrolytic heavy oil on the curing and mechanical properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber composites

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